Alphabeta Math
DefinitionDefinition: Literature-sourcedProof: Not applicablePipeline-generatedverified 2026-10-22 (gpt-6.1-sol)
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

Pared hyperbolic structures and volume

Definition

A compact orientable three-manifold M is irreducible if every embedded 2-sphere in its interior bounds an embedded 3-ball in M. A properly embedded surface is incompressible if it admits no embedded disk whose interior misses the surface and whose boundary is an essential simple closed curve in it. A boundary subsurface is π1-injective if the inclusion of each component induces an injection on fundamental groups. A pared pair is a pair (M,P) in which M is compact, orientable and irreducible, and P is a possibly empty compact subsurface of ∂M whose pairwise disjoint components are π1-injective annuli or tori, every noncyclic abelian subgroup of π1(M) is conjugate into π1 of a component of P up to base-path conjugacy, and every map of pairs

(S1×I,S1×∂I)⟶(M,P)

that induces injections on fundamental groups is homotopic through maps of pairs into P, so its boundary remains in P during the homotopy. Write ∂0M=∂M∖int⁡P. A horoball is a region bounded by a horosphere, a Euclidean plane or sphere tangent to the ideal boundary at one point. The peripheral subgroup for a component of P is the image of its fundamental group in π1(M), recorded up to conjugacy. A hyperbolic metric on int⁡M is a curvature −1 metric described by an atlas of charts into H3 whose transition maps are in Isom⁡+(H3). Its developing map dev⁡ from the universal cover and holonomy homomorphism ρ:π1(M)→Isom⁡+(H3) satisfy dev⁡(gx)=ρ(g)dev⁡(x). A hyperbolic structure on the pared pair (M,P) is such a metric compatible with the pared marking: on the peripheral subgroup of each component of P, ρ is injective and its image is conjugate to a discrete group of Euclidean translations fixing ∞, of rank one for an annulus and rank two for a torus. These images preserve horoballs based at their fixed ideal point. This compatibility does not assert that an arbitrary incomplete hyperbolic metric has cusp neighborhoods. The metric is complete when it is geodesically complete. A torus cusp corresponding to a torus component of P is an embedded end neighborhood isometric to a horoball quotient by that component's holonomy image, with its cross-section parallel to the marked boundary torus. A rank-one horoball quotient is the full cusp model for an annular peripheral subgroup; when a structure has totally geodesic boundary, an annular cusp uses the portion between the incident boundary planes and has annular cross-sections. The hyperbolic volume is the integral of the Riemannian volume density over int⁡M; the structure has finite volume when this integral is finite.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

5 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources