Alphabeta Math
DefinitionDefinition: Literature-sourcedProof: Not applicableaudited 2026-08-13
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

Subgroup commutators and the lower central series

Definition

For subgroups A,B≤G, their subgroup commutator is [A,B]=⟨[a,b]:a∈A, b∈B⟩, where [a,b]=aba−1b−1 (Commutators [g,h]=ghg−1h−1 and the commutator subgroup [G,G], The subgroup ⟨S⟩ generated by a subset, the cyclic subgroup ⟨g⟩, and cyclic groups).

The lower central series is γ1(G)=G,γr+1(G)=[G,γr(G)](r≥1). Each γr(G) is characteristic in G, and the series descends because [G,N]≤N whenever N⊴G.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

6 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources