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ExampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: Literature-sourcedPipeline-generatedprecheck pass
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

A cancelling zero-one handle pair

Example

Assume ACω. In dimension n≥1 attach a 0-handle h0 to a compact manifold W as a disjoint ball Dn and then attach a 1-handle h1 by an embedding S0×Dn−1→∂+(W⊔Dn) whose attaching 0-sphere consists of one point on the new boundary sphere Sn−1 of h0 (its belt sphere) and one point on ∂+W. In the endpoint convention of the definition the pair is geometrically cancelling, exactly one point of the 0-sphere lying in the belt sphere with transversality automatic, and W⊔Dn∪h1≅W relative to ∂−W. The local model is the identity (S0×Dn)∪h1≅Dn: two n-balls joined by a 1-handle are one n-ball.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Dimension n≥1, a compact manifold W, a 0-handle h0 attached as a disjoint ball Dn and a 1-handle h1 attached by an embedding S0×Dn−1→∂+(W⊔Dn) whose attaching 0-sphere has one point on the new boundary sphere Sn−1 of Dn and one point on ∂+W.

[F1]

Geometrically cancelling adjacent handle pair and K handle core cocore attaching region and belt sphere: the belt sphere of a 0-handle is the new boundary sphere Sn−1 (disconnected when n=1), the attaching sphere of a 1-handle is a 0-sphere, and the endpoint convention counts exactly one point of the 0-sphere lying in the belt sphere, transversality being automatic.

[F2]

The standard complementary pair fills a ball: for the standard embedding the union of the standard 0-handle and the standard 1-handle is an n-disc: in its case k=0 the standard complementary pair fills the ball, i.e. (S0×Dn)∪h1≅Dn for the standard hemisphere embedding.

[F3]

Handle cancellation, Attaching a smooth handle with corner rounding and The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω): assume ACω; a geometrically cancelling pair may be deleted, giving a diffeomorphism relative to the incoming boundary; attachments are formed with corners rounded. The assumption is used through the standard-pair model of [F2] and through this deletion.

Verification

Given: The configuration of the statement.

1.1F1given

The attaching 0-sphere of h1 consists of two points, one on the belt sphere Sn−1 of the attached 0-handle and one on ∂+W; in the endpoint convention of [F1] exactly one point of the 0-sphere lies in the belt sphere, with transversality automatic in these dimensions. Hence the pair is geometrically cancelling.

2.1F2step 1.1

The local model is [F2] with k=0: two n-balls joined by a 1-handle form one n-ball, (S0×Dn)∪h1≅Dn, and the total is the boundary connected sum of W with a disc along the point of ∂+W at which the second foot lands.

3.1F1F2F3step 2.1given∎

By [F3] the cancelling pair may be deleted from W⊔Dn∪h1; equivalently the boundary connected sum with a disc is W again, so W⊔Dn∪h1≅W relative to ∂−W. The attaching-belt matrix is not defined for k=0 (the definition requires 1≤k≤n−2), so this endpoint case is handled directly by the geometric criterion.

Depends on

Used by

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Sources