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A minus sign when rotating two odd cochain factors

Example

Assume the Axiom of Choice (AC). Take A=B=k=Q and let M and N each be the one-dimensional k-bimodule k placed in cochain degree 1 only, with zero differential and internal degree 0; as complexes they are concentrated in a single cochain degree, so both are bounded with finite projective (indeed free) terms over the opposite algebra. Then:

  1. The signed tensor totalizations are concentrated in cochain degree 2: Tot⁡(M⊗kN)1=0 and Tot⁡(M⊗kN)2=k⊗kk≅k, and the differential is zero because both input differentials vanish.
  2. On the bar-degree-zero summand the cyclic rotation of the derived-cyclicity theorem sends the class of m⊗n to (−1)(i−p)(l−q)n⊗m with i=l=1 and p=q=0 and hence to (−1)1⋅1(n⊗m)=−(n⊗m): a nontrivial minus sign over Q, not a sign that can be absorbed by a change of basis.
  3. The termwise cyclicity map of the bounded-complex theorem gives the same sign: on the unique coefficient summand it is (−1)il=(−1)1⋅1=−1.
  4. Applying the rotation twice gives the identity, (−1)il(−1)li=(−1)2il=1. The coefficient differentials vanish; chain compatibility in higher bar degrees is supplied by the general derived-cyclicity theorem.
  5. The only nonvanishing Hochschild degree is j=0, and the only nonvanishing hyperhomology of the tensor product is in total cochain degree 2: the two tensor factors contribute degree 1+1=2, and the Hochschild complex of the ground field has no higher homology.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: AC, the field k=Q, the algebras A=B=k, and the complexes M=N=k concentrated in cochain degree 1 with zero differential and internal degree 0.

[F1]

Assume AC. For a bounded complex M of graded (A,B)-bimodules termwise finite projective as right B-modules and a bounded complex N of graded (B,A)-bimodules termwise finite projective as right A-modules, the ordinary signed tensor totalizations compute M⊗BLN and N⊗ALM, and the cyclic rotation realizes a natural internal-degree-preserving isomorphism HHhyper,n(A,M⊗BLN)≅HHhyper,n(B,N⊗ALM); the rotation of a block carries the Koszul sign (−1)(i−p)(l−q), where p,q are the bar degrees and i,l the cochain degrees of the two blocks (Derived cyclicity of Hochschild hyperhomology).

[F2]

Assume AC and the same termwise finite right-projectivity hypotheses. For every Hochschild degree j and cochain degree r the termwise cyclicity isomorphism is induced on the (i,l)-summand by the double-bar rotation multiplied by (−1)il; the twisted map is a cochain isomorphism before cohomology (Termwise Hochschild cyclicity for bounded projective bimodule complexes).

[F3]

The signed tensor totalization of bounded complexes has Tot⁡(M⊗kN)r=⨁i+l=rMi⊗kNl with differential d(m⊗n)=dMm⊗n+(−1)im⊗dNn; the internal grading is additive and no additional sign is introduced by the internal degree (Bounded graded bimodule complexes and signed tensor totalization).

[F4]

The Hochschild chain complex of a k-central bimodule C has Cj(k,C)=C⊗kk⊗kj with boundary the alternating sum of the faces, and HHj(k,C)=Hj of this complex; for C=k the faces all act as the identity on the one-dimensional coefficient, so the boundary is multiplication by ∑t=0j(−1)t, which is 0 for odd j and 1 for even j, and hence HH0(k,k)=k and HHj(k,k)=0 for j≥1 (Hochschild chains and Hochschild homology with coefficients, The regular module is a tensor unit: R⊗RN≅N and M⊗RR≅M).

[F5]

The hyperhomology complex of a bounded coefficient complex is Tn(A,F)=⨁i−j=nCj(A,Fi) with D=dF+(−1)ib; every total degree is a finite direct sum and the hyperhomology is its cohomology (Hochschild hyperhomology of a bounded bimodule complex).

[F6]

The Hochschild chains of the ground field satisfy Cj(k,C)≅C with all faces the identity, so the identification of the bar and Hochschild complexes at A=k is the identity on the coefficient (Hochschild chains are bar tensor chains).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1F1F2F3givenalgebra

The complexes M and N are each concentrated in cochain degree 1 with zero differential, so each is bounded with terms that are free of rank one over k; the only nonzero summand of Tot⁡(M⊗kN)r is at r=1+1=2, where it is k⊗kk≅k by [F3], and the differential is zero because both input differentials vanish. Similarly Tot⁡(N⊗kM)2≅k with zero differential. The terms are finite projective over the opposite algebra kop=k, so the hypotheses of [F1] and [F2] hold.

2.1F1F2step 1.1givenalgebra

In the notation of [F1] the first block is Bar⁡0(k)⊗kM in bar degree p=0 and cochain degree i=1, and the second block is Bar⁡0(k)⊗kN in bar degree q=0 and cochain degree l=1. The rotation formula (−1)(i−p)(l−q) of [F1] therefore reads (−1)(1−0)(1−0)=(−1)1=−1 on the unique summand; the termwise map of [F2] reads (−1)il=(−1)1⋅1=−1 on the same summand, so the two formulations of the sign agree. Applying the rotation twice multiplies (−1)il(−1)li=(−1)2=1, so the square of the rotation is the identity here.

3.1F1F4F5F6step 2.1givenalgebra

The coefficient differentials vanish. The sign is evaluated on the degree-zero Hochschild class, which is a cycle because b0=0. This does not make the chain-level compatibility checks in higher bar degrees vacuous; those are part of [F1], and this example uses only the induced map on HH0. The only surviving Hochschild degree is j=0: by [F4] (equivalently [F6]) the Hochschild complex of the ground field has HH0(k,k)=k and HHj(k,k)=0 for j≥1, because the alternating boundary is 0 for odd j and an isomorphism for even j. Total degrees are computed by n=i−j: with j=0 and the tensor factor concentrated in cochain degree 2, the only nonzero hyperhomology is in total cochain degree 2.

4.1F1F2step 1.1step 2.1step 3.1givenalgebra∎

Collecting: the derived cyclicity isomorphism and the termwise cyclicity isomorphism both carry the class of the unique summand by the factor −1, so the rotation is a nontrivial automorphism of the one-dimensional vector space in total degree 2, not merely a sign that could be removed by choosing a different basis; and applying it twice is the identity. This verifies the sign instance of the cyclic comparison and exhibits the necessity of the Koszul sign in the convention D=dcomplex+(−1)ib; it does not reprove the general comparison theorem.

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