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ExampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-generatedSession-authored (Fable 5 assisted)precheck passaudited 2026-08-11
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xc1/2|x-c|^{-1/2} has a convergent improper integral across an interior singularity

Example

If a<c<ba<c<b, then abxc1/2dx=2ca+2bc,\int_a^b|x-c|^{-1/2}dx=2\sqrt{c-a}+2\sqrt{b-c}, where the integral is improper at the interior point cc.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Reals a<c<ba<c<b.

[L1]

A mixed integral at cc requires separate convergence on [a,c)[a,c) and (c,b](c,b] (Improper integrals with several singular ends).

[L2]

The exponent 1/2<11/2<1 gives convergence at a finite endpoint (The improper pp-test for rational exponents).

[L3]

The truncated power formula gives 0At1/2dt=2A\int_0^A t^{-1/2}dt=2\sqrt A (Truncated integrals of rational powers).

Verification

technique · computation
1.1

On the left use t=cxt=c-x; on the right use t=xct=x-c. The two one-sided integrals become respectively 0cat1/2dt\int_0^{c-a}t^{-1/2}dt and 0bct1/2dt\int_0^{b-c}t^{-1/2}dt.

given
2.1

Both converge separately by [L2], as [L1] requires. Evaluating them with [L3] and adding gives the displayed value.

L2L1L3

Depends on

Used by

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Sources