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The Petersen graph has ten vertices, is cubic, has girth five and has κ=λ=3\kappa=\lambda=3

Example

For Ω={1,2,3,4,5}\Omega=\{1,2,3,4,5\}, the Petersen graph on [Ω]2[\Omega]^2 has ten vertices, is cubic, has girth 55, and satisfies

κ(G)=λ(G)=3.\kappa(G)=\lambda(G)=3.

12341523453525241413the5-cycle12;34;15;23;45;12

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The Petersen graph GG whose vertices are the two-element subsets of Ω={1,2,3,4,5}\Omega=\{1,2,3,4,5\}, adjacent exactly when disjoint.

[F2]
[L2]

Whitney's inequalities give κ(G)λ(G)δ(G)\kappa(G)\le\lambda(G)\le\delta(G) for a nontrivial connected graph (Whitney's inequalities: κ(G)λ(G)δ(G)\kappa(G)\le\lambda(G)\le\delta(G) for every nontrivial connected graph).

Verification

technique · direct
1.1

The vertex set has (52)=10\binom52=10 elements by [L1]. For a vertex AA, its neighbours are the two-element subsets of the three-element complement ΩA\Omega\setminus A, so it has (32)=3\binom32=3 neighbours. Thus GG is cubic and δ(G)=3\delta(G)=3.

F1L1algebra
1.2

If distinct vertices A,BA,B are disjoint, their union has four elements and there is no two-element subset disjoint from both. If they intersect, their union has three elements and its two-element complement is their unique common neighbour.

F1
1.3

Deleting any two vertices leaves a connected graph. Up to relabelling Ω\Omega, two deleted two-element subsets are either the disjoint pair 12,3412,34 or the intersecting pair 12,1312,13. In the first case the remaining vertices have the spanning path 13,25,14,35,24,15,23,4513,25,14,35,24,15,23,45; in the second they have the spanning path 24,35,14,25,34,15,23,4524,35,14,25,34,15,23,45. Every successive pair displayed is disjoint. Relabelling preserves disjointness, so these cases cover every pair.

F1
2.1

There is no triangle: adjacent vertices are disjoint and have no common neighbour by step 1.2. There is no 44-cycle, because its two opposite vertices would have two distinct common neighbours, also impossible by step 1.2.

step 1.2
2.2

Every two distinct vertices are at distance at most 22: disjoint ones are adjacent, and intersecting ones have the common neighbour from step 1.2. Hence GG is connected.

step 1.2F1
3.1

The vertices 12,34,15,23,4512,34,15,23,45 in that order form a 55-cycle, since consecutive sets, including 4545 and 1212, are disjoint. With step 2.1 and [F2], this proves g(G)=5g(G)=5.

step 2.1F1F2
3.2

No set of at most two edges disconnects GG. Indeed, if such a deletion produced a component on a smallest vertex set SS, then 1S51\le|S|\le5. Writing e(S)e(S) for the number of edges inside SS, cubicity gives 3S2e(S)3|S|-2e(S) edges leaving SS. For S=1,2,3|S|=1,2,3 this number is at least 3,4,53,4,5, since a simple triangle-free graph on those sizes has at most 0,1,20,1,2 edges. For S=4|S|=4, the absence of triangles and 44-cycles makes the induced graph acyclic, so it has at most 33 edges and at least 66 edges leave. For S=5|S|=5, it is either acyclic with at most 44 edges or is a chordless 55-cycle with 55 edges, so at least 55 edges leave. Every case has at least three boundary edges, a contradiction. Therefore λ(G)3\lambda(G)\ge3.

step 1.1step 2.1F3algebra
3.3

Deleting one vertex also leaves a connected graph: choose a second vertex, use step 1.3 on the remaining eight, and then add the second vertex back; it retains at least two of its three neighbours. Step 2.2 covers deletion of no vertices. Thus no vertex cut has size at most 22, and κ(G)3\kappa(G)\ge3.

step 1.1step 2.2step 1.3F3
4.1

By [L2] and step 1.1, λ(G)δ(G)=3\lambda(G)\le\delta(G)=3. Together with step 3.2 this gives λ(G)=3\lambda(G)=3.

step 1.1step 3.2L2
5.1

Whitney's inequality [L2] and step 4.1 give κ(G)3\kappa(G)\le3, while step 3.3 gives the reverse bound. Hence κ(G)=λ(G)=3\kappa(G)=\lambda(G)=3; both lower bounds were obtained in steps 3.2 and 3.3, which use the cubic regularity of GG.

step 4.1step 3.3L2

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