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The pair of pants is a cobordism realizing addition of circles
Example
Let , the closed disk of radius with two disjoint open disks of radius removed. Then is a compact oriented smooth surface with boundary three circles, and with the outward-normal-first orientation its boundary is , where is the outer circle and are the two inner circles, all three carrying their counterclockwise orientations. Hence is an oriented bordism from to and exhibits in the additive relation (Unoriented and oriented bordism groups); all three classes are zero by the disk example (A circle is the boundary of a disk), so the example illustrates disjoint-union addition rather than an independent invariant.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The set above, the outer circle , the inner circles and , the standard orientation of , and the induced orientation of and of its boundary.
At a boundary point of a planar region where exactly one smooth defining function vanishes and , choose a coordinate whose derivative of is nonzero. Use the other coordinate together with as a local coordinate map. The inverse function theorem gives its inverse, which is smooth by induction from the inverse-derivative formula; restricting to gives a half-space chart, and ambient smooth transitions give a smooth boundary atlas (The Euclidean inverse function theorem, Euclidean upper half-space and its boundary, Smooth charts, atlases, and structures with boundary, Boundary-defining functions). The interior has Euclidean charts (Euclidean spaces and Euclidean open subsets as smooth manifolds). Euclidean closed balls are compact and closed subsets of compact spaces are compact (For , every Euclidean closed ball and every Euclidean sphere of positive radius is compact, A closed subspace of a compact space is compact, and a finite union of compact subspaces is compact, Open cover, subcover, and compact topological space; a compact subset is a subspace that is compact in its own right).
Boundary orientation is outward-normal-first (Induced boundary orientation). If is the radial vector of a circle in the standard plane, . A normal pointing away from therefore gives the counterclockwise tangent , while a normal pointing toward gives the clockwise tangent (Oriented smooth manifolds and oriented charts, A circle is the boundary of a disk).
A bordism from a closed -manifold to is data with a decomposition of the boundary into open and closed parts and collar embeddings of fixed widths; an oriented bordism additionally requires the induced boundary orientation to be the negative of the source orientation on the incoming face and the target orientation on the outgoing face (Oriented smooth cobordism, Smooth collars of a manifold boundary, Immersions and embeddings for manifolds with boundary).
The bordism classes of closed oriented -manifolds form the abelian group with , and orientation-preserving diffeomorphic circles have equal class (Disjoint union makes bordism classes abelian groups, Smooth cobordism is an equivalence relation, Unoriented and oriented bordism groups, Diffeomorphisms and local diffeomorphisms of manifolds).
Verification
( is a compact smooth surface with boundary the three circles.) Introduce the smooth functions , and on ; then . On we have , so and the other two functions are strictly positive; on we have , so and, since the two inner centres are at distance and the radii sum to , . Hence the three circles are pairwise disjoint and each boundary point of lies on exactly one of them, where exactly one defining function vanishes with nonzero gradient. Each such point therefore has a boundary chart obtained from that defining function by the inverse function theorem, so is a compact smooth surface with boundary ; compactness follows because is a closed subset of the compact disk .
(The induced orientations of the three circles.) Give the orientation induced from the standard orientation of . At a point the outward normal of is the radial unit vector , and is a positive basis of , where is the quarter-turn; by the outward-normal-first rule the positive tangent direction of is , the counterclockwise direction. At a point , let be the centre of that circle; the removed disk lies outside in the direction , so the outward normal of at is the unit vector , and is again a positive basis; hence the positive tangent direction is , which is the clockwise direction of the circle centred at . So the induced orientation of the outer circle is counterclockwise and that of each inner circle is clockwise, i.e. the oriented boundary is .
( is an oriented bordism from to .) Take the incoming boundary part with the source orientations counterclockwise on both circles, and the outgoing part ; the induced orientations computed in step 2.1 are clockwise on , which is the negative of the source orientation on the incoming part, and counterclockwise on , which is the target orientation. The radial parametrisations for in an inner circle with centre , and for , respectively , are smooth embeddings onto collar neighbourhoods of the corresponding boundary circles: their images have radii and in the relevant radial directions and lie in by the estimates of step 1.1. Hence with these collars and this orientation is an oriented bordism from to .
(The additive relation; all classes vanish.) By step 3.1 the cobordism class of equals that of , that is, in by [F4]. Each of the three circles is the boundary of a Euclidean disk (with the counterclockwise orientation induced by the standard orientation of the plane, after the outer circle is viewed as the boundary of the disk it encloses and each inner circle as the boundary of the removed disk), so by the disk example, which applies to a circle with either orientation, all three classes are zero in and in ; the relation therefore reads and exhibits the disjoint-union addition of the group structure rather than an independent invariant.
Depends on
- Oriented smooth cobordism
- Smooth cobordism is an equivalence relation
- Unoriented and oriented bordism groups
- Disjoint union makes bordism classes abelian groups
- A circle is the boundary of a disk
- Smooth charts, atlases, and structures with boundary
- Boundary-defining functions
- Boundary-defining functions exist locally and detect inward vectors
- The Euclidean inverse function theorem
- Induced boundary orientation
- Oriented smooth manifolds and oriented charts
- Euclidean spheres and closed balls as subspaces of $\mathbb{R}^n$
- Euclidean spaces and Euclidean open subsets as smooth manifolds
- For $n\ge1$, every Euclidean closed ball and every Euclidean sphere of positive radius is compact
- A closed subspace of a compact space is compact, and a finite union of compact subspaces is compact
- Euclidean upper half-space and its boundary
- Diffeomorphisms and local diffeomorphisms of manifolds
- Smooth collars of a manifold boundary
- Immersions and embeddings for manifolds with boundary
- Open cover, subcover, and compact topological space; a compact subset is a subspace that is compact in its own right
Used by
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Sources
- Daniel S. Freed, Bordism: Old and New (lecture notes, UT Austin, Fall 2012) (standard reference, not scraped)
- C. T. C. Wall, Differential Topology (Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics 156, 2016) (standard reference, not scraped)