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LemmaStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-04
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A vector field along an embedded submanifold extends to a neighbourhood and globally when the submanifold is closed

Statement

Let SM be a smooth embedded submanifold, and let Y be a smooth vector field along S, meaning that Y(p)TpM for each pS and Y depends smoothly on p in slice charts. Then:

  1. there is an open neighbourhood U of S in M and a smooth vector field Y~ on U with Y~S=Y;
  2. if S is closed in M, then there is a global smooth vector field Y^ on M with Y^S=Y.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: An embedded submanifold SM and a smooth vector field Y along S.

[L1]

Embedded submanifolds admit slice charts (Embedded submanifolds and slice charts).

[L2]

Smooth partitions of unity subordinate to open covers exist on smooth manifolds (Smooth partitions of unity exist on manifolds).

[L3]

For a closed set inside an open set, there is a smooth cutoff that equals 1 on the closed set and has support in the open set (A smooth Urysohn lemma for a closed set in an open set).

[L4]

A closed embedded submanifold has a tubular neighbourhood (The tubular neighbourhood theorem in a smooth ambient manifold).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

By [L1], every point of S has a slice chart (Uα,xα) in which SUα is given by xαk+1==xαn=0. On that slice, Y has smooth coordinate components, so extending those coefficient functions constantly in the normal coordinates defines a smooth vector field Y~α on Uα.

L1given
2.1

The open sets Uα cover S. Choose a smaller open neighbourhood UαUα of S, and by [L2] choose a partition of unity (ρα) on U subordinate to (UαU). Then Y~:=αραY~α is a smooth vector field on U, and on S the coefficients sum to those of Y, so Y~S=Y.

L2step 1.1
3.1

Assume now that S is closed. By [L4], S has an open tubular neighbourhood V, and step 2.1 gives a smooth extension Y~ on some neighbourhood U of S. Replace U by UV, which is still an open neighbourhood of S.

L4step 2.1
4.1

Because S is closed in the open set U, [L3] gives a smooth function χ:MR with χ=1 on S and suppχU. Define Y^:=χY~ on U and Y^:=0 on Msuppχ. This is a smooth global vector field and restricts to Y on S.

L3step 3.1construct
5.1

Therefore every smooth vector field along an embedded submanifold extends to a neighbourhood, and to all of M when the submanifold is closed.

step 2.1step 4.1

Depends on

Used by

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Sources