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A vector field along an embedded submanifold extends to a neighbourhood and globally when the submanifold is closed
Statement
Let be a smooth embedded submanifold, and let be a smooth vector field along , meaning that for each and depends smoothly on in slice charts. Then:
- there is an open neighbourhood of in and a smooth vector field on with ;
- if is closed in , then there is a global smooth vector field on with .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: An embedded submanifold and a smooth vector field along .
Embedded submanifolds admit slice charts (Embedded submanifolds and slice charts).
Smooth partitions of unity subordinate to open covers exist on smooth manifolds (Smooth partitions of unity exist on manifolds).
For a closed set inside an open set, there is a smooth cutoff that equals on the closed set and has support in the open set (A smooth Urysohn lemma for a closed set in an open set).
A closed embedded submanifold has a tubular neighbourhood (The tubular neighbourhood theorem in a smooth ambient manifold).
Proof
By [L1], every point of has a slice chart in which is given by . On that slice, has smooth coordinate components, so extending those coefficient functions constantly in the normal coordinates defines a smooth vector field on .
The open sets cover . Choose a smaller open neighbourhood of , and by [L2] choose a partition of unity on subordinate to . Then is a smooth vector field on , and on the coefficients sum to those of , so .
Assume now that is closed. By [L4], has an open tubular neighbourhood , and step 2.1 gives a smooth extension on some neighbourhood of . Replace by , which is still an open neighbourhood of .
Because is closed in the open set , [L3] gives a smooth function with on and . Define on and on . This is a smooth global vector field and restricts to on .
Therefore every smooth vector field along an embedded submanifold extends to a neighbourhood, and to all of when the submanifold is closed.
Depends on
Used by
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Sources
- John M. Lee, Introduction to Smooth Manifolds, 2nd ed. (standard reference, not scraped)
- Will J. Merry, Differential Geometry (standard reference, not scraped)