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A vector field along an embedded submanifold extends to a neighbourhood and globally when the submanifold is closed
Statement
Assume countable choice . Let be a smooth embedded submanifold, and let be a smooth vector field along , meaning that for each and depends smoothly on in slice charts. Then:
- there is an open neighbourhood of in and a smooth vector field on with ;
- if is closed in , then there is a global smooth vector field on with .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Countable choice, an embedded submanifold , and a smooth vector field along .
Countable choice permits the countable selections in the partition-of-unity and smooth-cutoff constructions (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()).
Embedded submanifolds admit slice charts (Embedded submanifolds and slice charts).
Smooth partitions of unity subordinate to open covers exist on smooth manifolds (Smooth partitions of unity exist on manifolds).
For a closed set inside an open set, there is a smooth cutoff that equals on the closed set and has support in the open set (A smooth Urysohn lemma for a closed set in an open set).
A closed embedded submanifold has a tubular neighbourhood (The tubular neighbourhood theorem in a smooth ambient manifold).
Proof
By [L1], every point of has a slice chart in which is given by . Shrink the chart around the point to a product coordinate box, whose tangential projection remains in the slice. On that slice, has smooth coordinate components, so extending those coefficient functions constantly in the normal coordinates defines a smooth vector field on the smaller chart.
The open sets cover . Choose a smaller open neighbourhood of , and by [L2] choose a partition of unity on subordinate to . Then is a smooth vector field on , and on the local fields all equal , so . Countable choice is used by the construction of [L2], including selection of the countable bump family.
Assume now that is closed. Step 2.1 supplies a smooth extension on an open neighbourhood of .
Because is closed in and lies in the open set , [L3] gives a smooth function with on and . Define on and on . This is a smooth global vector field and restricts to on .
Therefore every smooth vector field along an embedded submanifold extends to a neighbourhood, and to all of when the submanifold is closed.
Depends on
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
- A smooth vector field is a smooth section of the tangent bundle
- Embedded submanifolds and slice charts
- Smooth partitions of unity exist on manifolds
- A smooth Urysohn lemma for a closed set in an open set
- The tubular neighbourhood theorem in a smooth ambient manifold
Used by
- A smooth isotopy of a compact manifold extends to an ambient isotopy Lemma
- Smooth relative isotopy extension for disk arcs with puncture endpoints Lemma
- Smooth relative isotopy extension for finite disk arc systems Lemma
- The velocity field of an isotopy extends to a neighbourhood Lemma
- The velocity field of an isotopy is well defined along its image Lemma
Dependency tree · two levels
43 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- John M. Lee, Introduction to Smooth Manifolds, 2nd ed. (standard reference, not scraped)
- Will J. Merry, Differential Geometry (standard reference, not scraped)