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Analytic countable operations and inclusion of Borel sets
Statement
In ZFC analytic subsets of a Polish space are closed under countable unions and countable intersections, and under continuous inverse images between Polish spaces. Every Borel set is analytic and coanalytic.
Facts & Assumptions
Analytic and coanalytic sets by closed projection defines analytic sets as closed projections with a Baire witness and coanalytic sets by complement.
Cantor and Baire sequence spaces and coordinate codings codes sequences of Baire witnesses by one Baire real.
Closed subspaces, products, and Baire parametrization supplies Polish products.
Metric Borel hierarchy inclusions and fixed-rank operations includes the rank-one to rank-two inclusion: every metric open is a countable union of closed sets.
Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally supplies the open-preimage condition.
Assume The Axiom of Choice.
Proof
Given: A Polish and analytic .
By F1 and A1 choose closed projecting to . For write and put . This is closed: at a point outside it, fixing and a product neighbourhood outside closed gives a neighbourhood outside . Its projection is : a witness gives the summand ; a witness in a summand gives . Hence the union is analytic.
If is continuous between Polish spaces and has closed witness , the map is continuous: product basic opens pull back to products of open preimages and cylinder opens. Its preimage of is closed and projects exactly to . All product spaces here are Polish by F3, so F1 applies.
Decode as by F2 and put . Each coordinate map is continuous, so its closed preimage is closed by F5 and complementation; their intersection is closed. A projected point is in every . Conversely if , A1 selects witnesses from the nonempty closed sections , and F2 codes them as with . Thus this projection is exactly the intersection, analytic by F1.
A closed has the closed witness ; this projects to since the all-zero Baire real exists. By F4 and step 1.1 every open is analytic. Let consist of sets both they and their complements analytic. It contains opens and is complement closed. If , step 1.1 makes their union analytic and step 2.1 makes its complement, the intersection of their analytic complements, analytic. Thus is a sigma-algebra containing opens and contains every Borel set by the leastness definition. Empty intersections give , and empty unions give , both already supplied by the closed-witness construction. QED.
Depends on
- Analytic and coanalytic sets by closed projection
- Cantor and Baire sequence spaces and coordinate codings
- Closed subspaces, products, and Baire parametrization
- Metric Borel hierarchy inclusions and fixed-rank operations
- Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally
- The Axiom of Choice
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
18 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Lemma 4.5(i) pp34–35 and discussion after Definition 4.4 p34; local closed-witness proof replaces dependence on Borel parametrization (standard reference, not scraped)