Alphabeta Math
LemmaStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-10
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

Analytic countable operations and inclusion of Borel sets

Statement

In ZFC analytic subsets of a Polish space are closed under countable unions and countable intersections, and under continuous inverse images between Polish spaces. Every Borel set is analytic and coanalytic.

Facts & Assumptions

[F1]

Analytic and coanalytic sets by closed projection defines analytic sets as closed projections with a Baire witness and coanalytic sets by complement.

[F2]

Cantor and Baire sequence spaces and coordinate codings codes sequences of Baire witnesses by one Baire real.

[F4]

Metric Borel hierarchy inclusions and fixed-rank operations includes the rank-one to rank-two inclusion: every metric open is a countable union of closed sets.

Proof

Given: A Polish X and analytic AnX.

1.1

By F1 and A1 choose closed FnX×N projecting to An. For zN write z=(z(1),z(2),) and put F={(x,z):(x,z)Fz(0)}. This is closed: at a point outside it, fixing z(0)=n and a product neighbourhood outside closed Fn gives a neighbourhood outside F. Its projection is nAn: a witness z gives the summand n=z(0); a witness y in a summand gives z=ny. Hence the union is analytic.

F1A1
1.2

If g:YX is continuous between Polish spaces and A has closed witness F, the map (y,z)(g(y),z) is continuous: product basic opens pull back to products of open preimages and cylinder opens. Its preimage of F is closed and projects exactly to g1[A]. All product spaces here are Polish by F3, so F1 applies.

F1F3F5
2.1

Decode z as (zn)n by F2 and put H={(x,z):n (x,zn)Fn}. Each coordinate map is continuous, so its closed preimage is closed by F5 and complementation; their intersection is closed. A projected point is in every An. Conversely if xnAn, A1 selects witnesses yn from the nonempty closed sections (Fn)x, and F2 codes them as z with (x,z)H. Thus this projection is exactly the intersection, analytic by F1.

F1F2F5A1step 1.1
3.1

A closed CX has the closed witness C×N; this projects to C since the all-zero Baire real exists. By F4 and step 1.1 every open is analytic. Let H consist of sets both they and their complements analytic. It contains opens and is complement closed. If AnH, step 1.1 makes their union analytic and step 2.1 makes its complement, the intersection of their analytic complements, analytic. Thus H is a sigma-algebra containing opens and contains every Borel set by the leastness definition. Empty intersections give X, and empty unions give , both already supplied by the closed-witness construction. QED.

F1F4step 1.1step 2.1

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

18 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources