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The independent reward-stack model has the prescribed conditional arm laws

Statement

In the finite reward-stack model, fix a round t∈[n], an arm i∈[k], an event B∈Ht−1 with B⊆{At=i}, and a Borel set C⊆R. Then

P(B∩{Yt∈C})=P(B)Pi(C),E[Yt1B]=μiP(B).

In particular, the reward stack satisfies the fixed conditional reward-law and conditional-mean interface for finite-arm stochastic environments.

Statement references

Finite stochastic bandit model, gaps, and regret: the table entries are mutually independent, a policy uses only the revealed history and independent learner randomness, and each pull reveals the next unused entry of the chosen arm's stack.

Adversary and feedback models: the fixed conditional arm-law and conditional-mean identities required by the sequential stochastic reward model.

Tor Lattimore and Csaba Szepesvári, Bandit Algorithms: §4.6, PDF p. 74 / printed p. 65; Exercise 4.4.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A finite reward-stack model, a non-anticipating policy, a round t∈[n], an arm i∈[k], and an event B∈Ht−1 contained in {At=i}.

[F1]

The policy uses only U and the previously revealed actions and rewards; on a fixed action history, the observed rewards are exactly the corresponding initial entries of the arm stacks (Finite stochastic bandit model, gaps, and regret).

[F2]

The learner randomization and all table entries form a finite independent family (Independent random elements), whose joint law is the finite product of its marginal laws (Independent random elements have product joint law).

[F3]

For each arm i, every table entry has law Pi and finite first absolute moment, with mean μi (Finite stochastic bandit model, gaps, and regret).

[F4]

Measurable functions of independent random elements remain independent (Measurable coordinatewise functions preserve independence).

[F5]

Expectations of finite products of mutually independent integrable real random variables factor (Expectation factors over a finite product of mutually independent random variables), and E[1E]=P(E) (The expectation of an indicator is the probability of the event).

[F6]

Expectation is the Lebesgue integral and is linear on integrable real random variables (Expectation of a nonnegative or integrable random variable, Linearity, monotonicity, and the modulus bound for expectation).

Proof

1.1givenF1construct

Partition B by the finitely many past action strings α=(a1,…,at−1)∈[k]t−1. Let cj(α) be the number of times arm j occurs in α, and write Bα=B∩{(A1,…,At−1)=α}. By the recursive non-anticipating policy rule, each Bα is measurable with respect to U and the table entries Xs,j with s≤cj(α): along that fixed action string, those and only those stack entries have been revealed.

2.1givenF1F2step 1.1

If Bα is nonempty then At=i on it, and the next reward is Yt=Xci(α)+1,i. This table entry is distinct from every coordinate determining Bα. By [F2] it is independent of the vector of those coordinates, so the event Bα is independent of {Xci(α)+1,i∈C} for every Borel C. Its law is Pi, hence P(Bα∩{Yt∈C})=P(Bα)Pi(C).

3.1givenstep 2.1algebra

The events Bα partition B. Summing the identity in step 2.1 over the finite set [k]t−1 gives P(B∩{Yt∈C})=P(B)Pi(C) for every Borel C.

4.1givenF1F2F3F4F5F6step 1.1step 2.1algebra∎

For each α, the indicator 1Bα is a measurable function of the exposed-coordinate vector. By [F2] and [F4], it is independent of Xci(α)+1,i. Both are integrable by [F3], so [F5] and [F6] give E[Yt1Bα]=μiP(Bα). Summing over the finite action strings yields E[Yt1B]=μiP(B).

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