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Cauchy completeness plus the Archimedean property imply the monotone convergence property

Statement

Let FF be an Archimedean ordered field (Archimedean ordered field) with Cauchy completeness (CC). Then FF has the monotone convergence property (MCT) of The five completeness properties of an ordered field: least upper bound, monotone convergence, nested intervals, Bolzano-Weierstrass, and Cauchy completeness: every nondecreasing sequence in FF that is bounded above converges in FF.

The Archimedean hypothesis is not decoration. Without it the implication is false: R((t1))\mathbb{R}((t^{-1})) has (CC) (Every Cauchy sequence in R((t1))\mathbb{R}((t^{-1})) converges: KK is sequentially Cauchy complete) and fails (MCT), since (MCT) would force it to be Archimedean (The monotone convergence property alone forces the Archimedean property, so it carries no separate Archimedean hypothesis) and it is not (R((t1))\mathbb{R}((t^{-1})) is non-Archimedean, and the monomials tkt^{-k} are cofinal below its positive elements).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: An Archimedean ordered field FF with (CC), and a nondecreasing sequence (xk)(x_k) in FF with xkBx_k \le B for every kk and some BFB \in F.

[L2]

Sequences in an ordered field: (xk)(x_k) is nondecreasing when xjxkx_j \le x_k for all jkj \le k; it is Cauchy in FF when for every ε>0\varepsilon > 0 in FF there is NN with xkxl<ε|x_k - x_l| < \varepsilon for all k,lNk, l \ge N; convergence in FF is as fixed there (Sequences, convergence, Cauchyness, monotonicity, boundedness and closed intervals in an arbitrary ordered field).

[L3]

Archimedean property: for every zFz \in F there is a natural n1n \ge 1 with z<n1Fz < n \cdot 1_F (Archimedean ordered field); the canonical naturals satisfy n1F>0n \cdot 1_F > 0 for n1n \ge 1 and (m+n)1F=m1F+n1F(m+n)\cdot 1_F = m \cdot 1_F + n \cdot 1_F, with 01F=00 \cdot 1_F = 0 (Canonical naturals are positive and strictly increasing).

[L4]

Recursion theorem (The recursion theorem); well-ordering principle, every nonempty subset of N\mathbb{N} has a least element (The well-ordering principle); induction principle (The principle of mathematical induction); the order on N\mathbb{N} is total (\le is a linear order on N\mathbb{N}).

[L5]

Absolute value: u=u|u| = u whenever u0u \ge 0 (Basic properties of the absolute value).

[L6]

Order arithmetic: adding a constant preserves the strict order and strict inequalities add (Order is preserved by adding a constant and by adding inequalities), the nonstrict forms following with the equality cases; for c>0c > 0 one has a<ba < b if and only if ac<bcac < bc (Sign rules for products and monotonicity of multiplication); a positive element is invertible with positive inverse (Inverses of positives are positive, and reciprocation reverses order); the order is total and transitive (Ordered field).

Proof

technique · contradiction
1.1

Suppose (xk)(x_k) is not Cauchy in FF: there is ε>0\varepsilon > 0 in FF such that for every NNN \in \mathbb{N} there are k,lNk, l \ge N with xkxlε|x_k - x_l| \ge \varepsilon.

L2assume-contra
2.1

For every nNn \in \mathbb{N} there is k>nk > n with xkxnεx_k - x_n \ge \varepsilon: apply step 1.1 with N:=n+1N := n + 1 to get k,ln+1k, l \ge n+1 with xkxlε|x_k - x_l| \ge \varepsilon, name them so that lkl \le k, note that monotonicity gives xlxkx_l \le x_k and hence xkxl=xkxlε|x_k - x_l| = x_k - x_l \ge \varepsilon, and note that n<ln < l gives xnxlx_n \le x_l, so xkxnxkxlεx_k - x_n \ge x_k - x_l \ge \varepsilon with kn+1>nk \ge n+1 > n.

step 1.1L2L4L5L6
3.1

For each nn the set {kN:k>n and xkxnε}\{\, k \in \mathbb{N} : k > n \text{ and } x_k - x_n \ge \varepsilon \,\} is therefore nonempty and has a least element, so f(n):=min{k:k>n, xkxnε}f(n) := \min\{k : k > n, \ x_k - x_n \ge \varepsilon\} is a total function NN\mathbb{N} \to \mathbb{N}; the recursion theorem applied to N\mathbb{N}, the element 00 and ff gives indices k0=0k_0 = 0 and kj+1=f(kj)k_{j+1} = f(k_j), with kj<kj+1k_j < k_{j+1} and xkj+1xkjεx_{k_{j+1}} - x_{k_j} \ge \varepsilon for every jj.

step 2.1L4
4.1

By induction on jj, xkjxk0(j1F)εx_{k_j} - x_{k_0} \ge (j \cdot 1_F)\,\varepsilon for every jj: at j=0j = 0 both sides are 00, and adding xkj+1xkjεx_{k_{j+1}} - x_{k_j} \ge \varepsilon to the inductive inequality gives xkj+1xk0(j1F)ε+ε=((j+1)1F)εx_{k_{j+1}} - x_{k_0} \ge (j \cdot 1_F)\varepsilon + \varepsilon = ((j+1)\cdot 1_F)\,\varepsilon.

step 3.1L3L4L6
5.1

Since ε>0\varepsilon > 0 is invertible with ε1>0\varepsilon^{-1} > 0, the Archimedean property supplies j1j \ge 1 with (Bxk0)ε1<j1F(B - x_{k_0})\varepsilon^{-1} < j \cdot 1_F, hence Bxk0<(j1F)εB - x_{k_0} < (j \cdot 1_F)\varepsilon and xkjxk0+(j1F)ε>Bx_{k_j} \ge x_{k_0} + (j \cdot 1_F)\varepsilon > B, contradicting the hypothesis that BB bounds every term of (xk)(x_k).

step 4.1L3L6
6.1

The assumption of step 1.1 is therefore untenable, so (xk)(x_k) is Cauchy in FF and (CC) makes it converge in FF; as (xk)(x_k) was an arbitrary nondecreasing sequence bounded above, FF has (MCT).

step 5.1L1L2discharge-contradiction

Remarks

  • What the Archimedean property does here. It is used exactly once, in the final estimate, to say that a fixed positive ε\varepsilon added to itself often enough exceeds a given element. In a non-Archimedean field the increments ε\varepsilon of the recursion can be infinitesimal relative to Bxk0B - x_{k_0}, and the sequence (xkj)(x_{k_j}) climbs forever without ever passing BB; that is exactly how (CC) survives while (MCT) fails.

  • No choice is used: the recursion takes the least admissible index, supplied by The well-ordering principle, and it is The recursion theorem applied to a function defined outright.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · next 3 levels

Direct dependencies and their dependencies through the next three levels: 58 results over 18 levels. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, and this result sits at the bottom with a heavier outline. Click the chart to enlarge it.

Sources