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Compactness gives a compactly supported time-dependent velocity field
Statement
Assume . Let be a compact smooth manifold, a smooth manifold, and let be a smooth isotopy of embeddings that is constant near the ends: for some , for all and , and for all and . Let be an open neighbourhood of the compact image with compact. Then there is a smooth horizontal map with , whose time-first version is a time-dependent vector field on (Time-dependent vector fields and their evolution operators), such that:
- is contained in a compact subset of , where ; its closure is therefore compact;
- for every ;
- for and for .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Countable choice, a compact , a smooth isotopy constant near the ends with parameter , a compact image and an open neighbourhood of it with compact.
The track is a compact closed smoothly embedded track in , with time endpoint faces; the horizontal velocity is a smooth vector field along with values in ; the projection of to is the compact image (The velocity field of an isotopy extends to a neighbourhood, Smooth maps are continuous).
Under the velocity extends to a smooth horizontal map on an open neighbourhood of , and for every open neighbourhood of such an extension exists with inside it (The velocity field of an isotopy extends to a neighbourhood).
Compact subsets admit finite subcovers from ambient open covers (A subspace is compact exactly when every family of open subsets of the ambient space covering it, indexed or not, has finitely many members covering it). In a locally compact Hausdorff space every point has basic open neighbourhoods with compact closure; a smooth manifold is locally compact Hausdorff (In a locally compact Hausdorff space every open set containing a point contains an open set containing it whose closure is compact and still inside; such a space is regular, Embedded submanifolds and slice charts).
A compact set inside an open set admits a smooth cutoff equal to one near that set, with support in the open set. On take finitely many restricted Euclidean chart bumps as in The velocity field of an isotopy extends to a neighbourhood, step 1.1, equal to one on smaller chart neighbourhoods covering the compact set. Compose their sum with a smooth scalar function zero near zero and one above . This finite construction applies also at product corners. The boundaryless and boundary suppliers are A smooth Urysohn lemma for a closed set in an open set and Smooth partitions of unity exist on manifolds with boundary.
A time-dependent vector field on over is a smooth map with . Its space-first representation is , with slices ; is the support of the section (Time-dependent vector fields and their evolution operators, Smooth sections, local sections, and support, Open cover, subcover, and compact topological space; a compact subset is a subspace that is compact in its own right).
Countable choice is used exactly for the cutoffs and the partition-of-unity selections of [L1] and [L3]; no further selection is made (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()).
Proof
A relatively compact neighbourhood of the track inside : is compact by [F1] and , which is open. Since is locally compact Hausdorff and is compact, [L2] applied at each point of yields finitely many open sets with compact closure covering and contained in ; their union is an open neighbourhood of with compact and .
Choose a smooth cutoff with on the compact image and by [L3], applied to the closed set inside the open set ; and choose a smooth function with on and on , which exists by the smooth Urysohn lemma on the interval.
Apply [L1] with the prescribed neighbourhood : there is an open neighbourhood of and a smooth horizontal extending . By [L3] applied to the closed set inside the open set , choose a smooth cutoff with on a neighbourhood of and .
Define on by , and define on the complement of the closed set . The two definitions agree on the overlap, where , so is a well-defined smooth map on all of : at a point outside it vanishes on a whole neighbourhood, and on it is a product of smooth functions with the smooth map . It lies in at by construction. Thus , , is smooth by composition with the factor-swap map and has , so it is a time-dependent vector field on by [L4], with slices .
Clause 2: let . Since and near and on , one has . The isotopy is constant near the ends, so for and for , while on ; in all cases . Hence .
Clause 3: for and for one has , so by step 3.1.
Put . The support of is closed and contained in the compact set , so it is compact, and its continuous projection is compact and contained in . Off the field vanishes for every . Since is closed, every lies in . Thus their union and its closure lie in the compact subset , proving clause 1. Containment alone would not prove that the union itself is closed.
Clauses 1, 2 and 3 are steps 4.3, 4.1 and 4.2; the field is smooth and horizontal, and countable choice was used only as declared in [A1].
Depends on
- A subspace is compact exactly when every family of open subsets of the ambient space covering it, indexed or not, has finitely many members covering it
- The velocity field of an isotopy extends to a neighbourhood
- Time-dependent vector fields and their evolution operators
- Smooth sections, local sections, and support
- Smooth partitions of unity exist on manifolds with boundary
- A smooth Urysohn lemma for a closed set in an open set
- Open cover, subcover, and compact topological space; a compact subset is a subspace that is compact in its own right
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
- In a locally compact Hausdorff space every open set containing a point contains an open set containing it whose closure is compact and still inside; such a space is regular
- Embedded submanifolds and slice charts
- Smooth maps are continuous
Used by
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Sources
- Morris W. Hirsch, Differential Topology (Graduate Texts in Mathematics 33, Springer 1976; full text retrieved from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine snapshot of the luis.impa.br course copy), Chapter 8 “Isotopy”, §1, printed pp. 177–183 (Theorems 1.1–1.8 and Exercises 3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 16, printed pp. 182–184) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Julian Chaidez, Notes on Smooth Topology and Symplectic Embedding Problems (Berkeley Geometry REU), Proposition 2.38 (Picard–Lindelöf for time-dependent fields) and Theorem 2.39 (isotopy extension), printed pp. 35–36 (standard reference, not scraped)