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A compactly supported time-dependent field has a global time-one flow

Statement

Assume ACω. Let G:N×I→TN be a smooth map with G(y,t)∈TyN, representing the time-dependent vector field V:I×N→TN, V(t,y)=G(y,t), on a smooth manifold N. Suppose its union of slice supports ⋃t∈Isupp⁡Gt is contained in a compact subset of N (Time-dependent vector fields and their evolution operators), as produced in Compactness gives a compactly supported time-dependent velocity field. If N has boundary, assume additionally that Gt is tangent to ∂N there for every t. Then there is a unique global evolution operator Ψt,s:N→N, s,t∈I, such that:

  1. Ψs,s=idN and Ψu,t∘Ψt,s=Ψu,s for all s,t,u∈I;
  2. every Ψt,s is a diffeomorphism of N, with inverse Ψs,t;
  3. for fixed s and y the curve t↦Ψt,s(y) solves ddtΨt,s(y)=Gt(Ψt,s(y)) and Ψs,s(y)=y;
  4. Ψt,s=idN whenever G vanishes identically between s and t.

Consequently Ht:=Ψt,0 is a compactly supported ambient isotopy with H0=idN, inverse Ht−1=Ψ0,t, and Ht stationary on every time interval on which G vanishes (Smooth isotopies, diffeotopies and ambient isotopies).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Countable choice and a smooth time-dependent vector field G on N whose supports lie in one compact subset of N, with boundary tangency when N has boundary.

[F1]

The evolution operator Ψt,s of a time-dependent field is defined by the initial-value problem ddtΨt,s(y)=Gt(Ψt,s(y)), Ψs,s(y)=y (Time-dependent vector fields and their evolution operators, Complete vector fields).

[L1]

On a boundaryless N, if the union of the supports of Gt over the compact interval J is contained in a compact subset of N, then a global evolution operator Ψt,s:N→N exists for all s,t∈J (Compactly supported time-dependent vector fields have global evolution on a compact time interval); the construction supplies the smooth dependence of (t,s,y)↦Ψt,s(y).

[L2]

Whenever both sides are defined, an evolution operator satisfies the two-time cocycle law Ψr,t∘Ψt,s=Ψr,s (Time-dependent evolution satisfies the two-time cocycle law).

[L3]

Integral curves of a smooth vector field with a prescribed initial value are unique; for time-dependent fields the exact local existence, uniqueness and smooth dependence are supplied by Time-dependent vector fields have local smooth evolution operators and The fundamental theorem for nonautonomous smooth ODEs (Through each point there is a unique maximal integral curve).

[A1]

Countable choice is inherited from the local existence theory recorded on the vector-fields page, exactly as in the contract of [L1] (The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω)).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1F1L1L2A1construct

The factor swap makes V(t,y)=G(y,t) smooth, with Vt=Gt, so [F1] applies to V. If N is boundaryless, [L1] gives a global smooth evolution on I. For the boundary case, in a boundary chart write the inward coefficient as a(y′,r,t), where r≥0. Tangency gives a(y′,0,t)=0, and local smooth extension gives a=rb with b(y′,r,t)=∫01∂ra(y′,ur,t) du smooth. Extend the coordinate field across r=0 and apply the local smooth ODE theory underlying [L1]. Uniqueness keeps solutions starting on r=0 there; for r(s)>0, the scalar equation gives r(t)=r(s)exp⁡(∫stb(y′(u),r(u),u) du)>0 while the solution is in the chart. Thus local solutions and their reverse-time solutions preserve the half-space. Global continuation is the compact-support argument of [L1]: a solution meeting the complement of the common compact support set is constant by uniqueness; any other solution stays in that compact set. At a finite maximal endpoint a sequence of its values has a convergent subsequence there, and a local evolution around the limiting time and point extends the solution by uniqueness. This works also at a boundary point using the half-space solutions just established, and at t=0,1 using local smooth time extension. Hence solutions exist on all of I with smooth dependence. Their initial-value identity and [L2] give properties 1 and 3.

2.1F1L1L2step 1.1

Property 2: composing the cocycle law with r=s gives Ψs,t∘Ψt,s=Ψs,s=idN, and with the roles of s,t exchanged gives Ψt,s∘Ψs,t=idN; hence each Ψt,s is a bijection with inverse Ψs,t, and both are smooth by [L1], so each Ψt,s is a diffeomorphism of N (Diffeomorphisms and local diffeomorphisms of manifolds).

2.2F1L3step 1.1

Property 4 and uniqueness: suppose G vanishes identically on [s,t]. The constant curve r↦y solves the initial-value problem with value y at time s, and so does r↦Ψr,s(y); by uniqueness of integral curves [L3] the two agree, whence Ψt,s(y)=y for every y, i.e. Ψt,s=idN. Uniqueness of the evolution operator itself is the same statement: any evolution operator satisfying the initial-value problem has the same integral curves as the one constructed in step 1.1, so it agrees with it everywhere.

3.1L1L3step 1.1step 2.1step 2.2∎

Setting Ht:=Ψt,0 gives a smooth family of diffeomorphisms with H0=idN and Ht−1=Ψ0,t by step 2.1; since Ψt,0 is the identity outside the compact set containing ⋃tsupp⁡Gt (a point outside the supports has the constant curve as its integral curve, by [L3] as in step 2.2), H is a compactly supported ambient isotopy, and it is stationary on every interval on which G vanishes by step 2.2.

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