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A compactly supported time-dependent field has a global time-one flow
Statement
Assume . Let be a smooth map with , representing the time-dependent vector field , , on a smooth manifold . Suppose its union of slice supports is contained in a compact subset of (Time-dependent vector fields and their evolution operators), as produced in Compactness gives a compactly supported time-dependent velocity field. If has boundary, assume additionally that is tangent to there for every . Then there is a unique global evolution operator , , such that:
- and for all ;
- every is a diffeomorphism of , with inverse ;
- for fixed and the curve solves and ;
- whenever vanishes identically between and .
Consequently is a compactly supported ambient isotopy with , inverse , and stationary on every time interval on which vanishes (Smooth isotopies, diffeotopies and ambient isotopies).
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Countable choice and a smooth time-dependent vector field on whose supports lie in one compact subset of , with boundary tangency when has boundary.
The evolution operator of a time-dependent field is defined by the initial-value problem , (Time-dependent vector fields and their evolution operators, Complete vector fields).
On a boundaryless , if the union of the supports of over the compact interval is contained in a compact subset of , then a global evolution operator exists for all (Compactly supported time-dependent vector fields have global evolution on a compact time interval); the construction supplies the smooth dependence of .
Whenever both sides are defined, an evolution operator satisfies the two-time cocycle law (Time-dependent evolution satisfies the two-time cocycle law).
Integral curves of a smooth vector field with a prescribed initial value are unique; for time-dependent fields the exact local existence, uniqueness and smooth dependence are supplied by Time-dependent vector fields have local smooth evolution operators and The fundamental theorem for nonautonomous smooth ODEs (Through each point there is a unique maximal integral curve).
Countable choice is inherited from the local existence theory recorded on the vector-fields page, exactly as in the contract of [L1] (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()).
Proof
The factor swap makes smooth, with , so [F1] applies to . If is boundaryless, [L1] gives a global smooth evolution on . For the boundary case, in a boundary chart write the inward coefficient as , where . Tangency gives , and local smooth extension gives with smooth. Extend the coordinate field across and apply the local smooth ODE theory underlying [L1]. Uniqueness keeps solutions starting on there; for , the scalar equation gives while the solution is in the chart. Thus local solutions and their reverse-time solutions preserve the half-space. Global continuation is the compact-support argument of [L1]: a solution meeting the complement of the common compact support set is constant by uniqueness; any other solution stays in that compact set. At a finite maximal endpoint a sequence of its values has a convergent subsequence there, and a local evolution around the limiting time and point extends the solution by uniqueness. This works also at a boundary point using the half-space solutions just established, and at using local smooth time extension. Hence solutions exist on all of with smooth dependence. Their initial-value identity and [L2] give properties 1 and 3.
Property 2: composing the cocycle law with gives , and with the roles of exchanged gives ; hence each is a bijection with inverse , and both are smooth by [L1], so each is a diffeomorphism of (Diffeomorphisms and local diffeomorphisms of manifolds).
Property 4 and uniqueness: suppose vanishes identically on . The constant curve solves the initial-value problem with value at time , and so does ; by uniqueness of integral curves [L3] the two agree, whence for every , i.e. . Uniqueness of the evolution operator itself is the same statement: any evolution operator satisfying the initial-value problem has the same integral curves as the one constructed in step 1.1, so it agrees with it everywhere.
Setting gives a smooth family of diffeomorphisms with and by step 2.1; since is the identity outside the compact set containing (a point outside the supports has the constant curve as its integral curve, by [L3] as in step 2.2), is a compactly supported ambient isotopy, and it is stationary on every interval on which vanishes by step 2.2.
Depends on
- The fundamental theorem for nonautonomous smooth ODEs
- Time-dependent vector fields have local smooth evolution operators
- Compactness gives a compactly supported time-dependent velocity field
- Compactly supported time-dependent vector fields have global evolution on a compact time interval
- Time-dependent evolution satisfies the two-time cocycle law
- Complete vector fields
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
- Time-dependent vector fields and their evolution operators
- Through each point there is a unique maximal integral curve
- Diffeomorphisms and local diffeomorphisms of manifolds
- Smooth isotopies, diffeotopies and ambient isotopies
Used by
- The isotopy extension theorem Theorem
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Sources
- Morris W. Hirsch, Differential Topology (Graduate Texts in Mathematics 33, Springer 1976; full text retrieved from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine snapshot of the luis.impa.br course copy), Chapter 8 “Isotopy”, §1, printed pp. 177–183 (Theorems 1.1–1.8 and Exercises 3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 16, printed pp. 182–184) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Julian Chaidez, Notes on Smooth Topology and Symplectic Embedding Problems (Berkeley Geometry REU), Proposition 2.38 (Picard–Lindelöf for time-dependent fields) and Theorem 2.39 (isotopy extension), printed pp. 35–36 (standard reference, not scraped)