How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
The Dunford contour integral defines a bounded holomorphic family on the sector
Statement
Assume Dependent Choice (The axiom of dependent choice: a relation in which every element is related to something admits an -indexed chain) for the cited integral and semigroup suppliers.
Let be sectorial of angle with vertex on a complex Banach space (Sectorial operator with the semigroup sign convention, Banach space). For and let consist of the lower ray for , the circular arc for , and the upper ray for , oriented counterclockwise around the spectrum. For let be the corresponding truncated path. Its integrand is -valued, and its contour integral is the Bochner integral in the Banach space with the operator norm; this space is Banach because is Banach (Rectifiable complex contours, reversal, concatenation, closedness, and orientation, Linearity of the Bochner integral, Bochner integral norm inequality, If (Y) is Banach then (\mathcal B(X,Y)) is Banach). For (Complex sector and bounded analytic semigroup) choose an admissible angle satisfying and set where the limit is taken in the complete operator-norm space (A bounded linear operator between normed spaces, The operator norm as the least bound and as the unit-sphere or unit-ball supremum, If (Y) is Banach then (\mathcal B(X,Y)) is Banach). Then:
- the integral converges absolutely for every such ; for each compact one admissible angle can be chosen for all , and the truncated integrals converge absolutely and locally uniformly in operator norm on ;
- the value is independent of and of the admissible angle ;
- is norm-holomorphic and
- for every .
No choice principle beyond Dependent Choice is used.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A sectorial operator of angle with vertex on a complex Banach space , with on for every (Sectorial operator with the semigroup sign convention); fixed ; a compact with , , ; a fixed with and with ; the truncated contours ; and .
implies and with as in the givens (Sectorial operator with the semigroup sign convention).
is norm-holomorphic on with derivative , and for every the maps and are norm-holomorphic on (Resolvent identity and holomorphy for a closed operator).
The open sector has half-angle and omits the negative real axis, so it is star-shaped with base point any positive real number: a segment from a positive real number to a point of the sector cannot contain and its arguments stay in the convex cone spanned by the positive axis and the endpoint; every -valued function continuous and complex-differentiable on a star-shaped domain has vanishing integral over closed piecewise contours in it, since is Banach by [L5] (Primitive and Cauchy theorem for Banach-valued holomorphic maps on star-shaped domains).
For the curve integral of a continuous integrand, and the integral is linear in (Bochner integral norm inequality, Linearity of the Bochner integral).
Since is Banach, is Banach in the operator norm (If (Y) is Banach then (\mathcal B(X,Y)) is Banach).
Proof
Angle geometry on . For , the upper-ray angle satisfies , since and . The lower-ray angle satisfies , since and . Thus for both rays. The continuous function is positive on , so , and for one has .
The integrand is holomorphic on a star-shaped sector. By [L1] the sector of [L3] lies in , and by [L2] both and are norm-holomorphic on it; is star-shaped with base point any positive real by [L3]. Since is Banach by [L5], the Banach-valued Cauchy theorem applies to these -valued maps.
Absolute convergence and local uniformity. For and on the rays, [step 1.1] and [L1] give , which is integrable over ; on the arc one has , an integrable bound on a compact interval. Hence and, by [L4], for , a bound independent of tending to . Thus the truncated integrals form a Cauchy family in and converge there by [L5]; this is the operator-norm limit, uniformly on , and the integrals converge absolutely.
Independence of the inner radius. Fix and and . The truncated paths and have the same initial point and the same terminal point , so their concatenation with the reversal of the second is a closed piecewise contour lying in the star-shaped sector of [step 1.2], where is holomorphic; by the Banach-valued Cauchy theorem in , applicable by [L5], [L3] its integral vanishes, hence for every ; letting and using [step 2.1] gives equality of the limits.
Independence of the angle. Fix and , both admissible for the given , and . Let be the counterclockwise arc , , and its reflection ; then is a closed piecewise contour in the star-shaped sector (for ), so the Banach-valued Cauchy theorem in applies by [L5] and [L3] its integral vanishes; hence . On the arcs with angle between and their reflections one has uniformly, so for a constant and the right-hand side tends to as ; hence the two limits agree.
Norm-holomorphy and the derivative formula. Fix , the angle of [step 1.1] and . Put and choose . Then for , , and the exponential estimate together with [L1] gives, on the rays, with , an integrable bound whose integral tends to with , while on the compact arc the same estimate is bounded uniformly and contributes ; hence for each fixed the difference quotients of tend to with an error bounded uniformly in , and letting with the majorant of [step 2.1] and [L4] gives ; completeness [L5] ensures that this derivative integral and the limit lie in , so is complex-differentiable with that derivative (uniformly on ).
Uniform boundedness on smaller sectors. Fix and an angle with ; for the value is, by the independence of the inner radius [step 3.1], computable with , so on the rays with and the ray contribution is at most , while the arc has length at most , radius and integrand norm at most , contributing at most ; both bounds are independent of , so .
Conclusion. [step 2.1] proves claim 1, [step 3.1] and [step 3.2] prove claim 2, [step 3.3] proves claim 3, and [step 4.1] proves claim 4; the argument used only the sectorial resolvent bound, the resolvent holomorphy, the contour integral over closed curves in the star-shaped sector and norm estimates, hence no choice principle beyond Dependent Choice was used.
Depends on
- Sectorial operator with the semigroup sign convention
- Complex sector and bounded analytic semigroup
- Resolvent identity and holomorphy for a closed operator
- Primitive and Cauchy theorem for Banach-valued holomorphic maps on star-shaped domains
- Rectifiable complex contours, reversal, concatenation, closedness, and orientation
- Bochner integral norm inequality
- Linearity of the Bochner integral
- A bounded linear operator between normed spaces
- The operator norm as the least bound and as the unit-sphere or unit-ball supremum
- Banach space
- If \(Y\) is Banach then \(\mathcal B(X,Y)\) is Banach
- The axiom of dependent choice: a relation in which every element is related to something admits an $\mathbb{N}$-indexed chain
Used by
- The Dunford contour construction satisfies the semigroup law and strong continuity at the vertex Lemma
- The generator of the contour semigroup is the sectorial operator Lemma
- Sectorial resolvent characterisation of bounded analytic semigroups Theorem
- Smoothing estimates for the semigroup generated by a sectorial operator Theorem
Dependency tree · two levels
46 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Roland Schnaubelt, Evolution Equations, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (2023/24 course, complete lecture notes) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Klaus-Jochen Engel and Rainer Nagel, One-Parameter Semigroups for Linear Evolution Equations, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 194 (complete author-hosted monograph) (standard reference, not scraped)