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The Dunford contour integral defines a bounded holomorphic family on the sector

Statement

Assume Dependent Choice (The axiom of dependent choice: a relation in which every element is related to something admits an N-indexed chain) for the cited integral and semigroup suppliers.

Let A be sectorial of angle δ∈(0,π/2] with vertex 0 on a complex Banach space X (Sectorial operator with the semigroup sign convention, Banach space). For r>0 and θ∈(π/2,π/2+δ) let Γ(r,θ) consist of the lower ray se−iθ for s≥r, the circular arc reiα for −θ≤α≤θ, and the upper ray seiθ for s≥r, oriented counterclockwise around the spectrum. For R>r let ΓR(r,θ) be the corresponding truncated path. Its integrand λ↦eλzR(λ,A) is B(X)-valued, and its contour integral is the Bochner integral in the Banach space B(X) with the operator norm; this space is Banach because X is Banach (Rectifiable complex contours, reversal, concatenation, closedness, and orientation, Linearity of the Bochner integral, Bochner integral norm inequality, If (Y) is Banach then (\mathcal B(X,Y)) is Banach). For z∈Σδ (Complex sector and bounded analytic semigroup) choose an admissible angle satisfying π/2+∣arg⁡z∣<θ<π/2+δ and set T(z):=12πilim⁡R→∞∫ΓR(r,θ)eλzR(λ,A) dλ, where the limit is taken in the complete operator-norm space B(X) (A bounded linear operator between normed spaces, The operator norm as the least bound and as the unit-sphere or unit-ball supremum, If (Y) is Banach then (\mathcal B(X,Y)) is Banach). Then:

  1. the integral converges absolutely for every such z; for each compact K⊂Σδ one admissible angle can be chosen for all z∈K, and the truncated integrals converge absolutely and locally uniformly in operator norm on K;
  2. the value is independent of r>0 and of the admissible angle θ;
  3. z↦T(z) is norm-holomorphic and T′(z)=12πi∫Γ(r,θ)λeλzR(λ,A) dλ;
  4. sup⁡z∈Σδ′∥T(z)∥<∞ for every δ′<δ.

No choice principle beyond Dependent Choice is used.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A sectorial operator A of angle δ with vertex 0 on a complex Banach space X, with ∥R(λ,A)∥≤Mε/∣λ∣ on ∣arg⁡λ∣<π/2+δ−ε for every ε∈(0,δ) (Sectorial operator with the semigroup sign convention); fixed r>0; a compact K⊂Σδ with δK:=max⁡z∈K∣arg⁡z∣<δ, mK:=min⁡z∈K∣z∣>0, MK:=max⁡z∈K∣z∣; a fixed θ with π/2+δK<θ<π/2+δ and ε>0 with θ<π/2+δ−ε; the truncated contours ΓR(r,θ); and ψz(λ):=eλzR(λ,A).

[L1]

∣arg⁡λ∣≤θ implies λ∈ρ(A) and ∥R(λ,A)∥≤Mε/∣λ∣ with Mε as in the givens (Sectorial operator with the semigroup sign convention).

[L2]

λ↦R(λ,A) is norm-holomorphic on ρ(A) with derivative −R(λ,A)2, and for every z∈C the maps λ↦eλzR(λ,A) and λ↦λeλzR(λ,A) are norm-holomorphic on ρ(A) (Resolvent identity and holomorphy for a closed operator).

[L3]

The open sector Sε:={λ≠0:∣arg⁡λ∣<π/2+δ−ε} has half-angle <π and omits the negative real axis, so it is star-shaped with base point any positive real number: a segment from a positive real number to a point of the sector cannot contain 0 and its arguments stay in the convex cone spanned by the positive axis and the endpoint; every B(X)-valued function continuous and complex-differentiable on a star-shaped domain has vanishing integral over closed piecewise C1 contours in it, since B(X) is Banach by [L5] (Primitive and Cauchy theorem for Banach-valued holomorphic maps on star-shaped domains).

[L4]

For the curve integral of a continuous integrand, ∥∫γf dλ∥≤∫γ∥f∥ ∣dλ∣ and the integral is linear in f (Bochner integral norm inequality, Linearity of the Bochner integral).

[L5]

Since X is Banach, B(X)=B(X,X) is Banach in the operator norm (If (Y) is Banach then (\mathcal B(X,Y)) is Banach).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1givenalgebra

Angle geometry on K. For z∈K, the upper-ray angle satisfies π/2<θ+arg⁡z<3π/2, since θ+arg⁡z≥θ−δK>π/2 and θ+arg⁡z≤θ+δK<π/2+δ+δK<3π/2. The lower-ray angle satisfies −3π/2<−θ+arg⁡z<−π/2, since −θ+arg⁡z≤−θ+δK<−π/2 and −θ+arg⁡z≥−θ−δK>−π/2−δ−δK>−3π/2. Thus cos⁡(±θ+arg⁡z)<0 for both rays. The continuous function z↦−cos⁡(±θ+arg⁡z) is positive on K, so cK:=min⁡z∈K,θ′=±θ(−cos⁡(θ′+arg⁡z))>0, and for λ=se±iθ one has Re⁡(λz)=s∣z∣cos⁡(±θ+arg⁡z)≤−cKs∣z∣.

1.2L1L2L3L5given

The integrand is holomorphic on a star-shaped sector. By [L1] the sector Sε of [L3] lies in ρ(A), and by [L2] both λ↦eλzR(λ,A) and λ↦λeλzR(λ,A) are norm-holomorphic on it; Sε is star-shaped with base point any positive real by [L3]. Since B(X) is Banach by [L5], the Banach-valued Cauchy theorem applies to these B(X)-valued maps.

2.1step 1.1L1L4L5givenalgebra

Absolute convergence and local uniformity. For z∈K and λ=se±iθ on the rays, [step 1.1] and [L1] give ∥ψz(λ)∥≤e−cKs∣z∣Mε/s≤e−cKmKsMε/s, which is integrable over s≥r; on the arc ∣λ∣=r one has ∥ψz(λ)∥≤eMKrMε/r, an integrable bound on a compact interval. Hence ∫Γ∥ψz(λ)∥ ∣dλ∣<∞ and, by [L4], ∥∫ΓRψz dλ−∫ΓR′ψz dλ∥≤2Mε∫RR′e−cKmKs ds/s for R<R′, a bound independent of z∈K tending to 0. Thus the truncated integrals form a Cauchy family in B(X) and converge there by [L5]; this is the operator-norm limit, uniformly on K, and the integrals converge absolutely.

3.1step 1.2step 2.1L3L5givenalgebra

Independence of the inner radius. Fix θ and 0<r1<r2 and R>r2. The truncated paths ΓR(r1,θ) and ΓR(r2,θ) have the same initial point Re−iθ and the same terminal point Reiθ, so their concatenation with the reversal of the second is a closed piecewise C1 contour lying in the star-shaped sector Sε of [step 1.2], where ψz is holomorphic; by the Banach-valued Cauchy theorem in B(X), applicable by [L5], [L3] its integral vanishes, hence ∫ΓR(r1,θ)ψz dλ=∫ΓR(r2,θ)ψz dλ for every R>r2; letting R→∞ and using [step 2.1] gives equality of the limits.

3.2step 1.2step 2.1L3L5givenalgebra

Independence of the angle. Fix r and π/2<θ1<θ2<π/2+δ, both admissible for the given z, and R>r. Let AR+ be the counterclockwise arc Reiα, α∈[θ1,θ2], and AR− its reflection α∈[−θ2,−θ1]; then ΓR(r,θ1)+AR+−ΓR(r,θ2)+AR− is a closed piecewise C1 contour in the star-shaped sector Sε (for θ2<π/2+δ−ε), so the Banach-valued Cauchy theorem in B(X) applies by [L5] and [L3] its integral vanishes; hence ∫ΓR(r,θ1)ψz−∫ΓR(r,θ2)ψz=−∫AR+ψz−∫AR−ψz. On the arcs ∣λ∣=R with angle α between θ1,θ2 and their reflections one has ∣α+arg⁡z∣>π/2 uniformly, so ∥ψz∥≤e−cR for a constant c>0 and the right-hand side tends to 0 as R→∞; hence the two limits agree.

3.3step 2.1L1L2L4L5givenalgebra

Norm-holomorphy and the derivative formula. Fix K, the angle θ of [step 1.1] and r>0. Put dK:=dist⁡(K,C∖Σδ)>0 and choose h0<min⁡{cKmK,dK}. Then z+h∈Σδ for z∈K, ∣h∣<h0, and the exponential estimate ∣h−1(eλh−1)−λ∣≤∣h∣ ∣λ∣2e∣h∣∣λ∣ together with [L1] gives, on the rays, ∥h−1(ψz+h(λ)−ψz(λ))−λψz(λ)∥≤∣h∣ Mε∣λ∣ e−cK∣λ∣∣z∣+h0∣λ∣≤∣h∣ Mεs e−(cKmK−h0)s with cKmK−h0>0, an integrable bound whose integral tends to 0 with h, while on the compact arc the same estimate is bounded uniformly and contributes O(∣h∣); hence for each fixed R the difference quotients of ∫ΓRψ tend to ∫ΓRλψz dλ with an error bounded uniformly in R, and letting R→∞ with the majorant of [step 2.1] and [L4] gives ∥h−1(T(z+h)−T(z))−(2πi)−1∫ΓλeλzR(λ,A) dλ∥→0; completeness [L5] ensures that this derivative integral and the limit lie in B(X), so T is complex-differentiable with that derivative (uniformly on K).

4.1step 3.1L1L4givenalgebra

Uniform boundedness on smaller sectors. Fix δ′<δ and an angle θ with π/2+δ′<θ<π/2+δ; for z∈Σδ′ the value T(z) is, by the independence of the inner radius [step 3.1], computable with r=1/∣z∣, so on the rays Re⁡(λz)≤−c s∣z∣ with c=c(θ,δ′)>0 and the ray contribution is at most Mε∫1∞e−cσ dσ/σ, while the arc has length at most 2θ/∣z∣, radius 1/∣z∣ and integrand norm at most eMε∣z∣, contributing at most 2θeMε; both bounds are independent of z, so sup⁡Σδ′∥T∥<∞.

5.1step 2.1step 3.1step 3.2step 3.3step 4.1given∎

Conclusion. [step 2.1] proves claim 1, [step 3.1] and [step 3.2] prove claim 2, [step 3.3] proves claim 3, and [step 4.1] proves claim 4; the argument used only the sectorial resolvent bound, the resolvent holomorphy, the contour integral over closed curves in the star-shaped sector and norm estimates, hence no choice principle beyond Dependent Choice was used.

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