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The generator of the contour semigroup is the sectorial operator
Statement
Assume Dependent Choice (The axiom of dependent choice: a relation in which every element is related to something admits an -indexed chain) for the cited integral and semigroup suppliers.
Let be a sectorial operator of angle with vertex on a complex Banach space (Sectorial operator with the semigroup sign convention) and let be the contour family of The Dunford contour integral defines a bounded holomorphic family on the sector, shown in The Dunford contour construction satisfies the semigroup law and strong continuity at the vertex to be a bounded analytic semigroup of angle . Then the generator of the strongly continuous semigroup (Infinitesimal generator of a C0-semigroup) is , and is the unique strongly continuous semigroup generated by within the class of exponentially bounded semigroups. No choice principle beyond Dependent Choice is used.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A sectorial operator of angle on the Banach space , its contour semigroup , the generator of that semigroup, a real with for all , and a fixed real .
For the contour semigroup, , , is norm- for , and (Smoothing estimates for the semigroup generated by a sectorial operator, The Dunford contour integral defines a bounded holomorphic family on the sector).
For a strongly continuous semigroup with generator and exponential bound one has for (Laplace transform formula for the resolvent).
The fundamental theorem of calculus for Banach-valued curves, and average convergence: for continuous , (Fundamental theorem of calculus for Banach-valued continuous curves, Average convergence for a continuous Banach-valued function).
Sectoriality with vertex makes closed and densely defined and puts every positive real in (Sectorial operator with the semigroup sign convention).
For any strongly continuous semigroup with generator , if then its orbit remains in and (The generator commutes with the semigroup on its domain).
For , , , and for (Resolvent and spectrum of a closed operator on a Banach space).
The generator is defined by exactly when has a limit as , and that limit is (Infinitesimal generator of a C0-semigroup).
Proof
The inclusion . First let and . The contour formula for and [L1] give Here follows from [L6], and : close a truncated keyhole, use the entire primitive , and let its exponentially decaying outer arc tend to zero. Now for and , the fundamental theorem [L3] on , followed by using strong continuity at , gives . Dividing by and applying average convergence [L3] yields . By the generator definition in [L7], and .
The resolvent computation. Fix and , and put for . On the compact interval , both and are continuous, so the orbit is continuous in the graph norm of the closed operator . Its graph-norm Bochner integral therefore lies in and satisfies . Since , the fundamental theorem [L3] gives . As and , by the exponential bound and strong continuity at , while the displayed right side tends to because . Closedness of now gives and ; since and is sectorial, and .
The resolvents agree and . By [step 1.2] the vector equals ; by the Laplace formula [L2] the same integral equals . Hence for every . Their ranges agree and equal ; for each in this common domain, applying the inverses gives , so .
Uniqueness among exponentially bounded semigroups. Let and be two strongly continuous semigroups with generator and exponential bounds, fix and , and set for . For , write the difference quotient as By [L5], , the first term tends to , and the second tends to ; hence . Continuity at the endpoints and the fundamental theorem [L3] show that is constant, so . Since is dense by [L4] and are bounded, this extends to all .
Assembly. [step 2.1] identifies the generator of the contour semigroup with , and [step 2.2] proves uniqueness in the exponentially bounded class; no choice principle beyond Dependent Choice was used, since only the contour construction, the Laplace representation and the fundamental theorem were invoked.
Depends on
- The Dunford contour integral defines a bounded holomorphic family on the sector
- The Dunford contour construction satisfies the semigroup law and strong continuity at the vertex
- Smoothing estimates for the semigroup generated by a sectorial operator
- Sectorial operator with the semigroup sign convention
- Infinitesimal generator of a C0-semigroup
- Resolvent and spectrum of a closed operator on a Banach space
- Laplace transform formula for the resolvent
- The generator commutes with the semigroup on its domain
- Fundamental theorem of calculus for Banach-valued continuous curves
- Average convergence for a continuous Banach-valued function
- The axiom of dependent choice: a relation in which every element is related to something admits an $\mathbb{N}$-indexed chain
Used by
- Abstract parabolic smoothing for mild solutions Corollary
- The Dirichlet Laplacian generates an analytic heat semigroup Corollary
- Abstract smoothing does not imply a spatial derivative without a PDE realisation Example
- The analytic Dirichlet heat semigroup Example
- Coercive sectorial forms define closed densely defined sectorial operators Lemma
- Classical regularity for Holder-continuous forcing under initial compatibility Theorem
- Form-generated sectorial elliptic semigroups Theorem
- Sectorial resolvent characterisation of bounded analytic semigroups Theorem
- Self-adjoint nonpositive operators generate bounded analytic semigroups Theorem
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Sources
- Klaus-Jochen Engel and Rainer Nagel, One-Parameter Semigroups for Linear Evolution Equations, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 194 (complete author-hosted monograph) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Roland Schnaubelt, Evolution Equations, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (2023/24 course, complete lecture notes) (standard reference, not scraped)