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Finite Jones index gives bounded vector pull-down
Statement
Assume AC. Let be II1 factors and let . Define ordinary Jones index by using Ordinary Hilbert-module dimension and finite projection models. Let be the orthogonal projection onto . Then is a II1 factor with canonical unnormalized trace , , , and . Its normalized trace-preserving expectation satisfies . Every has a unique bounded such that ; necessarily . In particular every right- bounded vector in is represented by an element of .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: AC and the algebras, traces, Hilbert modules, and finite dimension hypotheses in the Statement.
AC is the global choice hypothesis. Its Countable Choice and ultrafilter consequences used by the functional-analytic suppliers are stated in [F11]–[F12]. (The Axiom of Choice)
A concrete von Neumann algebra is a WOT-closed unital star-algebra; commutants are WOT closed and multiplication by a fixed bounded operator is WOT continuous. (Von Neumann algebras and commutants)
A faithful normal tracial state is positive, faithful, tracial, normalized, and WOT continuous on the operator unit ball. (States, tracial states and faithful normal traces on a von Neumann algebra)
For finite tracial algebras, the left and right standard actions are mutual commutants; right-bounded vectors of the standard module are bounded algebra elements. Positive normal functionals are vector functionals, and each unital von Neumann subalgebra has a unique faithful normal trace-preserving bimodule expectation. (Tracial standard form, normal functional vectors, and expectation)
In a factor projections are comparable; for finite-trace projections, trace inequalities characterize subequivalence. Diffuse factor corners are diffuse factors; a diffuse factor equipped with a faithful normal normalized trace has a unique normalized tracial state. (Projection comparison and unique normalized traces in finite factors)
Every normal Hilbert-space right module has an arbitrary-index projection model with invariant canonical trace. Finite dimension over a II1 factor yields a finite matrix projection model; the trace of VV* equals the base trace of V*V for right-linear maps from the standard module. (Ordinary Hilbert-module dimension and finite projection models)
The ordinary-index contract supplies a unital II1 subfactor inclusion , with . Extremality is unused in this lemma; the module model is derived in the proof. (Finite-index extremal II1 subfactor data)
Under AC, for every nondegenerate concrete C*-algebra D, the unit ball of D is strongly dense in that of D double commutant; its self-adjoint part is strongly dense in the self-adjoint part. Only clause 1 is used. (Bounded density and finite-vector transitivity for C*-representations)
Assuming the ultrafilter lemma, the dual unit ball of every real or complex normed space is weak-star compact. [F12] supplies that hypothesis. We apply it to bounded forms, or to the trace-class predual after proving that identification. (Banach–Alaoglu)
Under AC, the WOT-generated unital star-algebra is its bicommutant; for every set S, W*(S) equals S double commutant after adjoining adjoints and the identity. (The double commutant theorem for concrete von Neumann algebras)
AC implies Countable Choice. (AC implies DC implies countable choice)
AC implies the ultrafilter lemma. (The ultrafilter lemma, from the Axiom of Choice: every filter extends to an ultrafilter)
Proof
Given: The hypotheses of the Statement and the stated prerequisite contracts.
Tracial standard form, normal functional vectors, and expectation produces . Orthogonal projection gives directly on the dense subspace , and since is invariant under the conjugation . If an element of commutes with , Tracial standard form, normal functional vectors, and expectation writes it as , ; applying the commutation equation to says . Conversely right commutes with both and . Bicommutants therefore give . Ordinary Hilbert-module dimension and finite projection models makes this a finite-trace factor; it is diffuse because it has the diffuse corner , or by its finite matrix corner model. To verify the corner assertion independently, restriction of to commutes with right , so is left multiplication by some by Tracial standard form, normal functional vectors, and expectation. Hence .
Let be . Then and as a left multiplier on . The rectangular trace calculation from Ordinary Hilbert-module dimension and finite projection models gives by polarization. In particular . Its normalized restriction is a tracial state, hence equals by Projection comparison and unique normalized traces in finite factors. Tracial standard form, normal functional vectors, and expectation applied to the finite tracial algebra gives the expectation . For , . Nondegeneracy of the trace pairing gives , and bimodularity gives the displayed formula for .
The -algebra is strongly dense in . One way to see this with no frame assumption is that its WOT closure is a two-sided ideal of and contains . Finite trace comparison gives finitely many orthogonal projections summing to , each subequivalent to : remove copies of while the remainder has trace greater than , then embed the last remainder in . If are the resulting partial isometries, belongs to this ideal, so the ideal is all of . Applying [F8] to the nondegenerate C-closure of gives, for each , a net converging strongly to with a common operator bound (apply it first to the C*-closure of , then approximate each resulting bounded element in norm by , allowing a fixed arbitrarily small bound slack). Writing gives , where . The expectation formula shows and . A bounded subnet has an ultraweak limit ; the matrix coefficients of left multiplication on are normal, so weakly. But strongly, thus . Applying to this identity gives ; uniqueness also follows by applying to . This proof does not silently pass an unbounded inverse through a weak limit.
If is right- bounded, its bounded map extends by zero on to . Pull-down gives , so . This proves equality of the right- bounded vectors and .
Depends on
- The Axiom of Choice
- Von Neumann algebras and commutants
- States, tracial states and faithful normal traces on a von Neumann algebra
- Tracial standard form, normal functional vectors, and expectation
- Projection comparison and unique normalized traces in finite factors
- Ordinary Hilbert-module dimension and finite projection models
- Finite-index extremal II1 subfactor data
- Bounded density and finite-vector transitivity for C*-representations
- Banach–Alaoglu
- AC implies DC implies countable choice
- The double commutant theorem for concrete von Neumann algebras
- The ultrafilter lemma, from the Axiom of Choice: every filter extends to an ultrafilter
Used by
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Sources
- Claire Anantharaman and Sorin Popa, An Introduction to II1 Factors (standard reference, not scraped)