Alphabeta Math
LemmaStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generated
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

Finite Jones index gives bounded vector pull-down

Statement

Assume AC. Let N⊆M be II1 factors and let H=L2(M,τ). Define ordinary Jones index by λ=dim⁡NH<∞ using Ordinary Hilbert-module dimension and finite projection models. Let e be the orthogonal projection onto L2(N). Then B=(right N)′=W∗(M,e) is a II1 factor with canonical unnormalized trace Tr⁡B(1)=λ, Tr⁡B(e)=1, Tr⁡B(xey)=τ(yx), and Tr⁡B∣M=λτ. Its normalized trace-preserving expectation F:B→M satisfies F(xey)=λ−1xy. Every T∈B has a unique bounded x∈M such that Te=xe; necessarily x=λF(Te). In particular every right-N bounded vector in H is represented by an element of M.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: AC and the algebras, traces, Hilbert modules, and finite dimension hypotheses in the Statement.

[F1]

AC is the global choice hypothesis. Its Countable Choice and ultrafilter consequences used by the functional-analytic suppliers are stated in [F11]–[F12]. (The Axiom of Choice)

[F2]

A concrete von Neumann algebra is a WOT-closed unital star-algebra; commutants are WOT closed and multiplication by a fixed bounded operator is WOT continuous. (Von Neumann algebras and commutants)

[F3]

A faithful normal tracial state is positive, faithful, tracial, normalized, and WOT continuous on the operator unit ball. (States, tracial states and faithful normal traces on a von Neumann algebra)

[F4]

For finite tracial algebras, the left and right standard actions are mutual commutants; right-bounded vectors of the standard module are bounded algebra elements. Positive normal functionals are vector functionals, and each unital von Neumann subalgebra has a unique faithful normal trace-preserving bimodule expectation. (Tracial standard form, normal functional vectors, and expectation)

[F5]

In a factor projections are comparable; for finite-trace projections, trace inequalities characterize subequivalence. Diffuse factor corners are diffuse factors; a diffuse factor equipped with a faithful normal normalized trace has a unique normalized tracial state. (Projection comparison and unique normalized traces in finite factors)

[F6]

Every normal Hilbert-space right module has an arbitrary-index projection model with invariant canonical trace. Finite dimension over a II1 factor yields a finite matrix projection model; the trace of VV* equals the base trace of V*V for right-linear maps from the standard module. (Ordinary Hilbert-module dimension and finite projection models)

[F7]

The ordinary-index contract supplies a unital II1 subfactor inclusion N⊆M, with λ=dim⁡NL2(M)<∞. Extremality is unused in this lemma; the module model is derived in the proof. (Finite-index extremal II1 subfactor data)

[F8]

Under AC, for every nondegenerate concrete C*-algebra D, the unit ball of D is strongly dense in that of D double commutant; its self-adjoint part is strongly dense in the self-adjoint part. Only clause 1 is used. (Bounded density and finite-vector transitivity for C*-representations)

[F9]

Assuming the ultrafilter lemma, the dual unit ball of every real or complex normed space is weak-star compact. [F12] supplies that hypothesis. We apply it to bounded forms, or to the trace-class predual after proving that identification. (Banach–Alaoglu)

[F10]

Under AC, the WOT-generated unital star-algebra is its bicommutant; for every set S, W*(S) equals S double commutant after adjoining adjoints and the identity. (The double commutant theorem for concrete von Neumann algebras)

[F11]

AC implies Countable Choice. (AC implies DC implies countable choice)

Proof

Given: The hypotheses of the Statement and the stated prerequisite contracts.

1.1F1F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9F10F11given

Tracial standard form, normal functional vectors, and expectation produces EN. Orthogonal projection gives exe=EN(x)e directly on the dense subspace M, and Je=eJ since L2(N) is invariant under the conjugation J. If an element of M′ commutes with e, Tracial standard form, normal functional vectors, and expectation writes it as Ra, a∈M; applying the commutation equation to 1 says a=EN(a)∈N. Conversely right N commutes with both M and e. Bicommutants therefore give W∗(M,e)=(R(N))′=B. Ordinary Hilbert-module dimension and finite projection models makes this a finite-trace factor; it is diffuse because it has the diffuse corner eBe=Ne, or by its finite matrix corner model. To verify the corner assertion independently, restriction of T∈eBe to L2(N) commutes with right N, so is left multiplication by some n∈N by Tracial standard form, normal functional vectors, and expectation. Hence T=ne.

2.1F1F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9step 1.1

Let Vx:L2(N)→H be n↦xn. Then VxVy∗=xey∗ and Vy∗Vx=EN(y∗x) as a left multiplier on L2(N). The rectangular trace calculation from Ordinary Hilbert-module dimension and finite projection models gives Tr⁡B(xey)=τ(yx) by polarization. In particular Tr⁡B(e)=1. Its normalized restriction λ−1Tr⁡B∣M is a tracial state, hence equals τ by Projection comparison and unique normalized traces in finite factors. Tracial standard form, normal functional vectors, and expectation applied to the finite tracial algebra (B,λ−1Tr⁡B) gives the expectation F. For a∈M, λτ(aF(e))=Tr⁡B(ae)=τ(a). Nondegeneracy of the trace pairing gives F(e)=λ−11, and bimodularity gives the displayed formula for F(xey).

3.1F1F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9F12step 2.1

The -algebra A0=span⁡MeM is strongly dense in B. One way to see this with no frame assumption is that its WOT closure is a two-sided ideal of B and contains e. Finite trace comparison gives finitely many orthogonal projections summing to 1, each subequivalent to e: remove copies of e while the remainder has trace greater than 1, then embed the last remainder in e. If vj are the resulting partial isometries, 1=∑jvjevj∗ belongs to this ideal, so the ideal is all of B. Applying [F8] to the nondegenerate C-closure of A0 gives, for each T∈B, a net ai∈A0 converging strongly to T with a common operator bound (apply it first to the C*-closure of A0, then approximate each resulting bounded element in norm by A0, allowing a fixed arbitrarily small bound slack). Writing ai=∑xreyr gives aie=xie, where xi=∑xrEN(yr)∈M. The expectation formula shows xi=λF(aie) and ∥xi∥≤λ∥ai∥. A bounded subnet has an ultraweak limit x∈M; the matrix coefficients of left multiplication on L2(M) are normal, so xie→xe weakly. But aie→Te strongly, thus Te=xe. Applying F to this identity gives x=λF(Te); uniqueness also follows by applying xe to 1. This proof does not silently pass an unbounded inverse through a weak limit.

4.1F1F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9step 3.1∎

If ξ is right-N bounded, its bounded map Vξ:L2(N)→H extends by zero on L2(N)⊥ to T=Vξe∈B. Pull-down gives T=xe, so ξ=T1=x. This proves equality of the right-N bounded vectors and M.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

100 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources