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The fundamental path-fibration class has the normalized relative lift

Statement

Assume AC. For n≥1, in the marked path fibration F=ΩKn+1→PKn+1→pKn+1, with the fiber identified in marked homology and cohomology with Kn by the weak equivalence of the path-loop input lemma,

διn=p∗ιn+1in Hn+1(PKn+1,F;F2).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: AC; an integer n≥1; the marked path fibration F=ΩKn+1→PKn+1→pKn+1 with contractible total space, the strict fiber identified in marked homology and cohomology with Kn by the weak equivalence of Local path-fibration and cohomology inputs for mod-two Eilenberg–Mac Lane induction; and the marked fundamental classes ιn,ιn+1.

[F1]

The mapping-path factorization gives the actual path fibration with contractible total space and strict loop fiber, and the previous lemma supplies the marked weak equivalence and its mod-two cohomology comparison; the integral homology comparison follows separately from Weak homotopy equivalences induce integral homology isomorphisms without choice (Mapping path factorization, Local path-fibration and cohomology inputs for mod-two Eilenberg–Mac Lane induction); the fibration long exact sequence marks the relevant homotopy groups (Long exact sequence of homotopy groups of a fibration).

[F2]

The absolute Hurewicz homomorphism and theorem identify the first nonzero homotopy and homology groups, with the degree-one case given by abelianization (Absolute and relative Hurewicz homomorphisms, Absolute Hurewicz theorem at the first nonzero degree); the homology pair sequence is exact and its boundary computes relative classes of mapped chains (Long exact sequence of a pair).

[F3]

Relative homology of a good pair is the reduced homology of the quotient, and cellular homology computes singular homology with the characteristic-disk generator comparison (Good pairs and quotient reduced homology, Cellular homology computes singular homology).

[F4]

The cohomology pair sequence, the universal coefficient theorem for cohomology, Eilenberg–Mac Lane representability and the Kronecker evaluation pairing with its representative-independence lemma compute the two evaluations (Long exact sequence of a pair in singular cohomology, Topological universal coefficient short exact sequence for cohomology, Eilenberg--Mac Lane spaces represent singular cohomology, Kronecker evaluation pairing, The kronecker pairing is independent of cocycle and cycle representatives).

[F5]

AC selects the representing sphere map, the triangulation chain, and the CW models (The Axiom of Choice).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1givenF1F2

Put P=PKn+1 and B=Kn+1. Choose a based map f:Sn→F representing the marked nonzero element of πn(F)=Z/2. Its absolute Hurewicz image hF[f]=f∗[Sn] is the nonzero element of Hn(F;Z): for n>1, use the marked weak equivalence h:Kn→F of the path-loop input lemma. Absolute Hurewicz is an isomorphism on the CW source Kn; the weak-equivalence definition gives an isomorphism on homotopy, and the integral weak-equivalence homology theorem in [F1] gives the isomorphism on integral homology, and Hurewicz naturality therefore makes hF an isomorphism too. For n=1, absolute Hurewicz says abelianization for every path-connected space, and π1(F)=Z/2 is already abelian.

2.1step 1.1F2F5

Since P is contractible, f, considered as a map into P, has a nullhomotopy. Cone that nullhomotopy to obtain a continuous map A:Dn+1→P restricting to f on the boundary; identify the disk with the cone on the sphere and choose its boundary orientation accordingly. Let cD be a finite triangulated integral fundamental chain of the disk, whose boundary cS is the corresponding fundamental cycle of its sphere. The chain A∗cD is a relative cycle for (P,F) since its boundary is f∗cS in F. Write z=[A∗cD]∈Hn+1(P,F;Z). The homology pair-LES computes its boundary directly as ∂z=[f∗cS]=hF[f]. Because P is contractible and n≥1, that boundary map is an isomorphism Hn+1(P,F;Z)→Hn(F;Z). Thus z is its nonzero generator. No relative Hurewicz map or theorem has been invoked.

3.1step 2.1F1

The composite pA maps the whole boundary sphere to the marked basepoint. Hence it factors through the collapsed disk, giving g:Dn+1/∂Dn+1≅Sn+1⟶B. In the fibration connecting construction, A is a lift of this disk representative and its boundary lift is f; therefore the connecting homomorphism sends [g] to [f]. It is an isomorphism because the path-space total is contractible. The fiber marking was defined by precisely this connecting isomorphism, so [g] is the marked nonzero base element of πn+1(B).

4.1step 3.1F2F3

On chains, p∗z is the relative class of (pA)∗cD. Collapsing the disk boundary sends its oriented relative fundamental class to the fundamental sphere class. The sphere boundary is a nonempty closed subspace with a radial collar retracting onto it, so cor-homology-of-good-pairs-is-reduced-homology-of-the-quotient identifies relative disk homology with the reduced quotient homology. In the one-top-cell description of Dn+1/∂Dn+1 the quotient sends the characteristic disk generator to the same top-cell generator; naturality of thm-cellular-homology-computes-singular-homology makes this the asserted comparison of actual singular classes. Choose the quotient sphere orientation accordingly. Thus, under Hn+1(B,∗;Z)≅Hn+1(B;Z), p∗z=g∗[Sn+1]=hB[g]. Absolute Hurewicz of the n-connected base identifies this with the nonzero generator of Hn+1(B;Z)=Z/2, including n=1, where the base is simply connected and its first nonzero homotopy degree is two. This is the required generator comparison entirely through the pair-LES and the two absolute Hurewicz maps.

5.1step 4.1F1F2F4

Check the UCT obstruction exactly in degree n+1. For the relative pair it is Ext⁡Z1(Hn(P,F;Z),F2). For n>1, the homology pair-LES identifies Hn(P,F) with Hn−1(F), which is zero by the integral homology comparison with the (n−1)-connected CW model Kn obtained by applying the integral weak-equivalence homology theorem in [F1] to its marked weak equivalence. For n=1, the relevant LES segment is 0=H1(P)⟶H1(P,F)⟶H0(F)→≅H0(P), so again H1(P,F)=0. Thus the relative Ext term is zero in every case. The base UCT Ext term is Ext⁡1(Hn(B),F2)=0, since Hn(B)=0 for the n-connected base. For the fiber in degree n, its Ext term is zero because Hn−1(F)=0 if n>1, while H0(F)=Z is free if n=1. The three evaluations are therefore the actual normalized fundamental-class evaluations, with no unidentified Ext summand.

6.1step 5.1F4∎

Finally compute the two target evaluations. If u represents ιn on F and b extends u to P, the cohomology pair connector is represented by db. Therefore ⟨διn,z⟩=(db)(A∗cD)=b(f∗cS)=⟨ιn,hF[f]⟩=1. Naturality of the Kronecker pairing likewise gives ⟨p∗ιn+1,z⟩=⟨ιn+1,p∗z⟩=⟨ιn+1,hB[g]⟩=1. The relative UCT, with its now-verified zero Ext term, says evaluation is an isomorphism onto Hom⁡(Z/2,F2). Equality of these evaluations proves the claimed equality of classes. Mod-two coefficients eliminate the possible boundary-orientation sign.

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