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LemmaStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedprecheck passaudited 2026-08-27
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Subharmonic pieces glue across a boundary under the limsup inequality

Statement

Let Ω⊆C be a complex domain, let D⊆Ω be open, let u be subharmonic on Ω, and let v be subharmonic on every connected component of D. Assume that for every ζ∈∂D∩Ω, lim sup⁡z→ζz∈Dv(z)≤u(ζ). Define w(z)={max⁡{u(z),v(z)},z∈D,u(z),z∈Ω∖D. Then w is subharmonic on Ω.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A complex domain Ω, an open subset D⊆Ω, subharmonic functions u on Ω and v on every component of D, and the boundary limsup inequality of the Statement.

[L1]

Subharmonicity is equivalent to harmonic comparison on compactly contained discs (Subharmonicity is equivalent to harmonic comparison on compactly contained discs).

[L3]

A subharmonic function attaining a finite interior maximum on a connected domain is constant (A plane subharmonic function with an interior maximum is constant on its component).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1givenL2

On D, the function w=max⁡{u,v} is subharmonic by [L2]. Away from ∂D its upper semicontinuity is therefore clear. At ζ∈∂D∩Ω, the inside limsup is at most u(ζ) by the hypothesis and upper semicontinuity of u, while the outside limsup is at most u(ζ)=w(ζ). Thus w is upper semicontinuous on Ω.

1.2L1given

Let B‾⊆Ω be a closed disc and let h be continuous on B‾, harmonic on B, and satisfy h≥w on ∂B. Because w≥u there, [L1] first gives h≥u throughout B.

2.1step 1.2L3given

Let C be a connected component of B∩D. On ∂C∩∂B one has h≥w≥v. At a boundary point of C inside B, the seam hypothesis and step 1.2 give lim sup⁡C(v−h)≤u−h≤0. Thus the subharmonic function v−h has boundary limsup at most 0 on the bounded domain C. If it were positive somewhere, upper semicontinuity and the boundary bound would make it attain a positive interior maximum, contradicting [L3]. Hence h≥v on every such component.

3.1L1step 1.1step 1.2step 2.1∎

Steps 1.2 and 2.1 give h≥u on B and h≥v on B∩D, hence h≥w throughout B. Every harmonic boundary majorant therefore majorizes w, so [L1] and step 1.1 make w subharmonic on Ω.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

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Sources