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Trading concentrates a simply connected h-cobordism in two adjacent middle indices
Statement
Assume (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()). Let be an h-cobordism with , , connected and closed simply connected (h-Cobordism, Simply connected topological spaces). Then for every integer with there is a handle decomposition of relative to whose handles all have index or , with the same number of each; the relative handle chain complex of that presentation is , and since the differential is an isomorphism. No other handles survive, and the presentation can be chosen index-ordered with all -handles attached at one level and all -handles at the next (The relative handle chain complex computes and has the intersection matrix as its differential).
Facts & Assumptions
Given: An h-cobordism with , , connected, closed simply connected faces, and an integer with ; .
admits a self-indexed presentation relative to with all -handles at one level before all -handles (h-Cobordisms admit adapted ordered handle decompositions), and admits presentations relative to with no handles of index (Zero- and one-handles are eliminated in a simply connected h-cobordism) and no handles of index (Duality eliminates the top and codimension-one handles).
The relative handle chain complex has free on the -handle cores, differential the triple boundary, and homology , which vanishes identically because is an h-cobordism (The relative handle chain complex computes and has the intersection matrix as its differential, Relative homology of an h-cobordism vanishes at both ends).
The modification construction changes an embedded sphere's class by and gives an isotopy to the starting sphere one level higher. In particular a modification starting at a trivial embedding remains trivial there; vanishing of a homology class alone is not an embedding-triviality assertion. Modification lemma: prescribed class changes by isotopy of an embedded boundary sphere.
The corrected homology lemma puts a unit basis class into single-belt-intersection position for . At its incoming injection holds here since the incoming face is simply connected. The belt-complement helper constructs the required disk while avoiding every other belt. Homology lemma: a handle-basis class is realized by a sphere meeting the belt sphere once, Belt-sphere complements in low handle levels preserve the fundamental group.
Elimination lemma with : a -handle whose belt sphere is met once by a trivial-in- framed sphere can be traded for a -handle, all other handles unchanged (Elimination lemma: trading a handle for a handle two indices higher).
Handle duality: negating the adapted Morse function interchanges the roles of the two faces and converts a -handle of a presentation relative to into an -handle of a presentation relative to (Handle duality from negating a Morse function, Dual handle decomposition).
Proof
By [F1] take an ordered presentation with indices at least two and at most . Each incoming inclusion is a homotopy equivalence and the relative homology vanishes by [F2].
Eliminate the indices , not the desired surviving index . At each stage is simply connected: the later handles have index at least , so , and the reversed trace from has only index handles, so . These are the handle fundamental-group comparisons of the belt-complement helper in [F4]. With no indices below , one has and is onto . For a fixed -handle , choose coefficients with . Start with a trivial framed -sphere of class zero and apply [F3] to obtain of class , isotopic to that trivial sphere one level higher. Use the framed version of [F3], starting with the standard trivial frame, so is framed-isotopic to that trivial sphere in the next level.
Since , [F4] applies to . Its incoming condition follows from simple connectivity of , or equivalently from the h-cobordism fundamental-group isomorphism. Carry the higher attaching embeddings along the resulting ambient isotopy; its induced diffeomorphism of the next level preserves standard framed triviality. A diffeomorphism maps a standard framed disk embedding to another such embedding. By [F5] trade for one -handle. Finite repetition eliminates all original indices below .
Reverse the triad and perform the same low-index eliminations through dual index . Every such index is at most ; the opposite incoming face is simply connected, so the same condition holds. Trading a dual -handle for a dual -handle introduces original index , and thus never recreates an original handle below . This removes all original indices at least while preserving the prior low elimination. The surviving original indices are exactly , for the full stated range.
The surviving relative chain complex is concentrated in degrees and has zero homology by [F2]. Its differential is injective and surjective, giving equal finite handle numbers and the stated two-term isomorphism. The normal form retains every advertised index without invoking the unproved arbitrary-sphere flipped endpoint.
Depends on
- h-Cobordism
- Relative homology of an h-cobordism vanishes at both ends
- h-Cobordisms admit adapted ordered handle decompositions
- Zero- and one-handles are eliminated in a simply connected h-cobordism
- Duality eliminates the top and codimension-one handles
- Elimination lemma: trading a handle for a handle two indices higher
- Homology lemma: a handle-basis class is realized by a sphere meeting the belt sphere once
- Modification lemma: prescribed class changes by isotopy of an embedded boundary sphere
- The relative handle chain complex computes $H_*(W,M_0)$ and has the intersection matrix as its differential
- Dual handle decomposition
- Handle duality from negating a Morse function
- Simply connected topological spaces
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
- Belt-sphere complements in low handle levels preserve the fundamental group
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- Wolfgang Lück, A Basic Introduction to Surgery Theory (ICTP lecture notes, 27 October 2004; complete author text) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Andrew Ranicki, Algebraic and Geometric Surgery (Oxford Mathematical Monographs, Oxford University Press 2002; complete electronic copy) (standard reference, not scraped)
- John Milnor, Lectures on the h-Cobordism Theorem (notes by L. Siebenmann and J. Sondow, Princeton University Press 1965; scanned edition with searchable text layer) (standard reference, not scraped)