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Two homotopies relative to the same subspace concatenate after piecewise-linear reparametrisation

Statement

Let AXA\subseteq X and let f,g,h:XYf,g,h:X\to Y be continuous. If FF is a homotopy from ff to gg rel AA and GG is a homotopy from gg to hh rel AA, then

K(x,t):={F(x,2t),0t12,G(x,2t1),12t1K(x,t):=\begin{cases}F(x,2t),&0\le t\le \tfrac12,\\G(x,2t-1),&\tfrac12\le t\le1\end{cases}

is a continuous homotopy from ff to hh rel AA.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Topological spaces X,YX,Y, a subspace AXA\subseteq X, continuous maps f,g,h:XYf,g,h:X\to Y, and homotopies F:fAgF:f\simeq_A g and G:gAhG:g\simeq_A h.

[L2]

In a subspace, closed sets are exactly traces of ambient closed sets; restrictions of continuous maps to subspaces are continuous (Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace).

[L4]

A finite union of closed sets is closed, and the complement of an open set is closed (Topology on a set, open and closed sets, clopen sets, the closed-set axiomatisation, and the coarser/finer comparison).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

The sets I0=[0,12]I_0=[0,\tfrac12] and I1=[12,1]I_1=[\tfrac12,1] are closed in II: their complements are respectively I(12,32)I\cap(\tfrac12,\tfrac32) and I(12,12)I\cap(-\tfrac12,\tfrac12), traces of open intervals of R\mathbb R. Hence D0=X×I0D_0=X\times I_0 and D1=X×I1D_1=X\times I_1 are closed in X×IX\times I, because they are the preimages of I0,I1I_0,I_1 under the continuous time projection.

L1L3L4L5
1.2

The maps a0:I0Ia_0:I_0\to I, a0(t)=2ta_0(t)=2t, and a1:I1Ia_1:I_1\to I, a1(t)=2t1a_1(t)=2t-1, are continuous. Indeed, at any t0t_0 and for any ambient open interval of radius ε\varepsilon about aj(t0)a_j(t_0), the relative interval of radius ε/2\varepsilon/2 about t0t_0 maps into it, since aj(t)aj(t0)=2tt0|a_j(t)-a_j(t_0)|=2|t-t_0|; [L5] turns these intervals into the required subspace neighbourhoods.

L5
2.1

Define rj:DjX×Ir_j:D_j\to X\times I by rj(x,t)=(x,aj(t))r_j(x,t)=(x,a_j(t)). The first component is the restricted product projection and the second is aja_j after the time projection, so rjr_j is continuous by [L2], step 1.2 and [L3].

step 1.2L2L3
3.1

The maps K0:=Fr0:D0YK_0:=F\circ r_0:D_0\to Y and K1:=Gr1:D1YK_1:=G\circ r_1:D_1\to Y are continuous: for every closed CYC\subseteq Y, Kj1[C]=rj1[F1[C]]K_j^{-1}[C]=r_j^{-1}[F^{-1}[C]] or rj1[G1[C]]r_j^{-1}[G^{-1}[C]], which is closed by [L1]. On D0D1=X×{12}D_0\cap D_1=X\times\{\tfrac12\} they agree, since K0(x,12)=F(x,1)=g(x)=G(x,0)=K1(x,12)K_0(x,\tfrac12)=F(x,1)=g(x)=G(x,0)=K_1(x,\tfrac12).

step 2.1A1L1
4.1

Thus the displayed clauses define one function K:X×IYK:X\times I\to Y. If CYC\subseteq Y is closed, then K1[C]K^{-1}[C] is the union of K01[C]K_0^{-1}[C], regarded as a closed subset of X×IX\times I through the closed subspace D0D_0, and K11[C]K_1^{-1}[C], regarded likewise through D1D_1. Each is closed by [L2] and steps 1.1 and 3.1, so their union is closed by [L4]. Hence KK is continuous by [L1].

step 1.1step 3.1L1L2L4
5.1

At t=0t=0 the first clause gives K(x,0)=F(x,0)=f(x)K(x,0)=F(x,0)=f(x), and at t=1t=1 the second gives K(x,1)=G(x,1)=h(x)K(x,1)=G(x,1)=h(x). If aAa\in A, both clauses give the common value f(a)=g(a)=h(a)f(a)=g(a)=h(a) for every tt. Therefore KK is a homotopy from ff to hh rel AA.

step 4.1A1

Remarks

The continuity argument uses only a cover by the two closed sets D0,D1D_0,D_1 and proves the finite pasting step directly. No assertion about an infinite closed cover is used.

Depends on

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