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The generator complexes are mutually inverse

Statement

Fix m≥1 and let Ri=[Ui→βiAm] and Ri−1=[Am→γiUi{−1}] be the positive and negative twist complexes of The twist complexes R_i and R_i^{-1}, with Ui in homological degree −1 and Am in degree 0 in the first complex and Am in degree 0 and Ui{−1} in degree 1 in the second. Then for every 1≤i≤m there are homotopy equivalences of complexes of graded (Am,Am)-bimodules Ri⊗AmRi−1  ≃  Am  ≃  Ri−1⊗AmRi, where Am denotes the diagonal bimodule concentrated in homological degree 0; they become isomorphisms in Cm and induce isomorphisms of endofunctors RiRi−1≅Id⁡Cm≅Ri−1Ri. In particular Ri−1 is a two-sided inverse of Ri on Cm, and both are equivalences of Cm.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: An integer m≥1, the algebra Am with corner bases, the bimodules Ui=Pi⊗ZiP and maps βi,γi, and the complexes Ri,Ri−1 with the totalization of Signed totalization of graded A_m-bimodule actions.

[L1]

βi(ei⊗ei)=ei and γi(1)=wi with wi=(i−1∣i)⊗(i∣i−1)+(i+1∣i)⊗(i∣i+1)+(i)⊗(i∣i−1∣i)+(i∣i−1∣i)⊗(i), the term (i+1∣i)⊗(i∣i+1) being omitted for i=m; both are degree-zero maps of graded (Am,Am)-bimodules (The Khovanov–Seidel bimodule maps β_i and γ_i).

[L2]

Ri=[Ui→βiAm] and Ri−1=[Am→γiUi{−1}] are bounded complexes of graded (Am,Am)-bimodules with degree-zero differentials whose terms are finitely generated graded projective on both sides; their actions on Cm are exact endofunctors agreeing with derived tensor (The twist complexes R_i and R_i^{-1}, Bounded two-sided projective bimodule complexes act on C_m).

[L3]

The corner eiAmei has Z-basis ei in degree 0 and the return (i∣i−1∣i) in degree 1, and eiAmei±1 is free of rank one on the arrow (i∣i±1) whenever the neighboring index lies in {0,…,m}; every path of length at least three is zero in Am and (i∣i−1∣i)=(i∣i+1∣i) when i<m (The 4m+1 path basis).

[L4]

iP⊗AmPi≅eiAmei as graded abelian groups under y⊗x↦yx, and the balanced tensor is associative and unital, with M⊗AmAm≅M and Am⊗AmN≅N naturally in the graded variables (Graded associativity, units, and internal-shift tensor isomorphisms, The two-sided projective bimodules U_i and their tensor functors).

[L5]

The totalization (R⊗AmS)n=⨁p+q=nRp⊗AmSq of two bounded complexes of graded bimodules is a bounded complex with d(r⊗s)=dRr⊗s+(−1)pr⊗dSs, its square-zero condition holding automatically, and it is functorial and associative up to canonical degree-zero isomorphism (Signed totalization of graded A_m-bimodule actions).

[L6]

If a two-term cochain complex in an additive category has terms U,V in adjacent degrees and differential φ:U→V an isomorphism, then it is contractible, with contracting homotopy φ−1 in the upper degree (Gaussian elimination splits a contractible two-term complex, An invertible cochain differential block and its candidate reduction, Complexes, homotopies and contractibility in an additive category).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1L3L4L5

The middle corner and the module Q. By [L3] and the tensor-unit and associativity isomorphisms of [L4] the graded abelian group Q:=iP⊗AmPi is free with basis u1=ei⊗ei in degree 0 and u2=(i∣i−1∣i)⊗ei in degree 1, so that Q=Zu1⊕Zu2; by [L5] and [L4] the terms of the totalization N:=Ri⊗AmRi−1 are N−1≅Ui, N0≅Am⊕(Pi⊗ZQ⊗ZiP{−1}) and N1≅Ui{−1}.

2.1L5step 1.1L1

The two maps of the source's square. Define the Am-bimodule maps τ ⁣:Ui→Pi⊗ZQ⊗ZiP{−1} and δ ⁣:Pi⊗ZQ⊗ZiP{−1}→Ui{−1} by τ(x⊗y):=x⊗u1⊗(i∣i−1∣i)y+x⊗u2⊗y, δ(x⊗u1⊗y):=x⊗y and δ(x⊗u2⊗y):=x(i∣i−1∣i)⊗y; both are bilinear because multiplication is, and both are degree zero: in the shifted middle object the u1 and u2 components have degrees deg⁡x+deg⁡y−1 and deg⁡x+deg⁡y, respectively, matching the degrees of their images x⊗y and x(i∣i−1∣i)⊗y in Ui{−1}. Each summand in τ(x⊗y) has degree deg⁡x+deg⁡y; the natural balanced identification gives differentials (βi,−τ) and (γi,δ). Negating the middle Pi⊗Q⊗iP{−1} coordinate gives the source’s signed chart, in which the differentials read ∂−1=βi+τ, ∂−1(u)=(βi(u),τ(u)), and ∂0=(γi,−δ), ∂0(a,z)=γi(a)−δ(z), the source's anticommutative square of Section 2 with the sign on δ, and ∂0∂−1=0 is the automatic square-zero condition of the totalization [L5].

3.1step 2.1

The splitting of N0. Let ξ(a) be the image of γi(a)=∑jxj⊗yj under x⊗y↦x⊗u1⊗y, so that δξ(a)=∑jxj⊗yj=γi(a) because δ removes the middle u1; write W:=Pi⊗ZZu1⊗ZiP{−1} for the u1-component and define Ψ(a,w,u):=(a+βi(u), ξ(a)+w+τ(u)). The map Ψ ⁣:Am⊕W⊕Ui→N0 is an isomorphism of graded bimodules: its inverse sends (a′,z) to u:=τ2−1(z2), a:=a′−βi(u), w:=z1−ξ1(a)−τ1(u), where z=z1+z2 decomposes along the u1- and u2-components, τ2 denotes the injective u2-component x⊗y↦x⊗u2⊗y of τ, and the subscript 1 denotes the u1-component; these four maps are well defined and degree zero. Consequently N0 is the direct sum of ∂−1(Ui)={(βi(u),τ(u))}, the graph T00:={(a,ξ(a)):a∈Am} and the u1-component T10:={(0,w):w∈W}, while N−1=Ui and N1=Ui{−1}.

4.1step 2.1step 3.1

N splits as a direct sum of three subcomplexes. Put T−1:=[Ui→∂−1∂−1(Ui)], T0:={(a,ξ(a)):a∈Am} concentrated in degree 0, and T1:=[W→−δUi{−1}], with differentials the restrictions of ∂−1 and ∂0; these are subcomplexes of N because ∂0∂−1=0 on Ui by step 2.1, ∂0(a,ξ(a))=γi(a)−δξ(a)=0 by step 3.1 and ∂0(0,w)=−δ(w), and by the direct sum decomposition of step 3.1 the objects of N are the degreewise direct sums Nj=T−1j⊕T0j⊕T1j. Hence N=T−1⊕T0⊕T1 as complexes of graded bimodules, and a↦(a,ξ(a)) identifies T0 with the diagonal bimodule Am concentrated in degree 0.

5.1L6step 4.1

The two outer summands are contractible. The restriction ∂−1:Ui→∂−1(Ui) is surjective by construction and injective because τ is injective (its u2-component τ2 alone is already injective, as observed in step 3.1); hence it is an isomorphism, and T−1 is a two-term complex with invertible differential, contractible by [L6]. The restriction −δ:W→Ui{−1} is an isomorphism, with inverse x⊗y↦−x⊗u1⊗y, so T1 is contractible by [L6] as well.

6.1L2step 4.1step 5.1

The first homotopy equivalence. By steps 4.1 and 5.1 the complex N is the direct sum of T0≅Am with two contractible complexes; a finite direct sum of contractible complexes is contractible, the contracting homotopy of a biproduct being the biproduct of the given homotopies, so the projection N→T0≅Am and the inclusion T0→N are inverse homotopy equivalences. This proves Ri⊗AmRi−1≃Am, and since the action of a complex with two-sided finite graded projective terms on Cm is well defined on homotopy classes [L2], these maps induce natural isomorphisms RiRi−1≅Id⁡Cm.

7.1L5L1L3L4L6step 3.1step 6.1algebra

The opposite order. Write ci=(i∣i−1∣i). The middle corner in N′=Ri−1⊗AmRi is again Q=iP⊗AmPi, not the oppositely typed tensor Pi⊗AmiP. Its terms are Ui in degree −1, Am⊕(Pi⊗Q⊗iP{−1}) in degree 0, and Ui{−1} in degree 1. Define τ′(x⊗y)=xci⊗u1⊗y+x⊗u2⊗y, δ′(x⊗u1⊗y)=x⊗y,δ′(x⊗u2⊗y)=x⊗ciy. These formulas are obtained by inserting γi on the left and multiplying on the right in the tensor totalization; in particular ∂′−1=(βi,τ′) and ∂′0=(γi,−δ′). They are bimodule-linear and homogeneous, and their composite is zero by [L5]. The u2-component of τ′ is the identity under its shift identification, while δ′ is the identity from the u1-component to Ui{−1}. With ξ′ given by inserting u1 in γi(a), one has δ′ξ′=γi. Hence the same explicit coordinate map Ψ′(a,w,u)=(a+βi(u),ξ′(a)+w+τ′(u)) and its componentwise inverse from step 3.1 split N′ into its diagonal Am and two identity-pivot pairs. Their inverse differentials are the contracting homotopies, proving Ri−1⊗AmRi≃Am. Applying the action as in step 6.1 gives the opposite functor identity.

8.1step 6.1step 7.1∎

Conclusion. The complexes Ri and Ri−1 are mutually inverse up to the homotopy equivalences of steps 6.1 and 7.1, hence are inverse isomorphisms in Cm and induce two-sided inverse functor isomorphisms on Cm; in particular both are equivalences of Cm. No choice principle is used, all the identifications being explicit finite formulas.

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