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A nonzero complex derivative gives a local biholomorphism
Statement
If is holomorphic near and , then is biholomorphic between neighbourhoods of and .
On suitable complex domains and with and , the restriction is biholomorphic (Biholomorphic maps between complex domains), and its inverse satisfies
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A holomorphic function on an open neighbourhood of with . Holomorphic functions are smooth as real maps near (Holomorphic functions are real analytic and smooth in their two real coordinates).
For a holomorphic map , its real Jacobian determinant is , and this determinant is positive exactly where (The Jacobian determinant of a holomorphic map is and is positive exactly where ).
If a map between open subsets of has invertible derivative at , then it restricts to a bijection between open neighbourhoods, whose inverse satisfies (The Euclidean inverse function theorem).
A real totally differentiable plane map is complex differentiable exactly when its real derivative is multiplication by a complex number; that number is its complex derivative (Complex differentiability is equivalent to real total differentiability together with a complex-linear derivative, with , or with the Cauchy–Riemann equations).
A continuous image of a connected space is connected (A continuous image of a connected space is connected, and connectedness is a topological property, claim 1).
A segment that lies in a subset is a continuous path in , and a path-connected subset of a topological space is a connected subset (A finite concatenation of straight segments in is a continuous path, Every path-connected space is connected, and every path component lies inside a component, claim 2).
Proof
By [L1], , so the real derivative is invertible.
Apply [L2] to the underlying smooth real map: there are open neighbourhoods of and of such that is bijective with a inverse .
At every , the derivative is multiplication by by [L3], and it is invertible by the inverse-function construction. Hence is multiplication by ; [L3] makes complex differentiable there with the displayed derivative.
Choose a disc centred at with closure contained in , and put . The disc is nonempty and open, and the triangle inequality keeps the segment between any two of its points inside it, so [L5] makes connected and hence a complex domain. The homeomorphism makes open, while [L4] makes it connected as the continuous image of . Thus and are complex domains, and steps 2.1 and 3.1 show that and its inverse are holomorphic. Hence is biholomorphic.
Depends on
- Holomorphic functions are real analytic and smooth in their two real coordinates
- The Jacobian determinant of a holomorphic map is $|f'|^2$ and is positive exactly where $f'\ne0$
- The Euclidean inverse function theorem
- Complex differentiability is equivalent to real total differentiability together with a complex-linear derivative, with $\partial_{\bar z}f=0$, or with the Cauchy–Riemann equations
- A continuous image of a connected space is connected, and connectedness is a topological property
- Biholomorphic maps between complex domains
- A finite concatenation of straight segments in $\mathbb{R}^n$ is a continuous path
- Every path-connected space is connected, and every path component lies inside a component
Used by
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Sources
- B. V. Shabat, Introduction to Complex Analysis, Theorem 1.10 (standard reference, not scraped)
- J. Lebl, Guide to Cultivating Complex Analysis, §5.1 (standard reference, not scraped)