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A nonzero complex derivative gives a local biholomorphism

Statement

If f is holomorphic near a and f(a)0, then f is biholomorphic between neighbourhoods of a and f(a).

On suitable complex domains V and W with aV and f(a)W, the restriction fV:VW is biholomorphic (Biholomorphic maps between complex domains), and its inverse g satisfies g(w)=1f(g(w))(wW).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A holomorphic function f on an open neighbourhood of a with f(a)0. Holomorphic functions are smooth as real maps near a (Holomorphic functions are real analytic and smooth in their two real coordinates).

[L1]

For a holomorphic map f=u+iv, its real Jacobian determinant is f2, and this determinant is positive exactly where f0 (The Jacobian determinant of a holomorphic map is f2 and is positive exactly where f0).

[L2]

If a C1 map between open subsets of Rn has invertible derivative at a, then it restricts to a C1 bijection between open neighbourhoods, whose inverse g satisfies Dg(y)=Df(g(y))1 (The Euclidean inverse function theorem).

[L3]

A real totally differentiable plane map is complex differentiable exactly when its real derivative is multiplication by a complex number; that number is its complex derivative (Complex differentiability is equivalent to real total differentiability together with a complex-linear derivative, with zˉf=0, or with the Cauchy–Riemann equations).

[L4]

A continuous image of a connected space is connected (A continuous image of a connected space is connected, and connectedness is a topological property, claim 1).

[L5]

A segment t(1t)v0+tv1 that lies in a subset A is a continuous path in A, and a path-connected subset of a topological space is a connected subset (A finite concatenation of straight segments in Rn is a continuous path, Every path-connected space is connected, and every path component lies inside a component, claim 2).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

By [L1], detDf(a)=f(a)2>0, so the real derivative Df(a) is invertible.

L1given
2.1

Apply [L2] to the underlying smooth real map: there are open neighbourhoods V0 of a and W0 of f(a) such that fV0:V0W0 is bijective with a C1 inverse g.

step 1.1L2
3.1

At every wW0, the derivative Df(g(w)) is multiplication by f(g(w)) by [L3], and it is invertible by the inverse-function construction. Hence Dg(w)=Df(g(w))1 is multiplication by 1/f(g(w)); [L3] makes g complex differentiable there with the displayed derivative.

step 2.1L3algebra
4.1

Choose a disc V centred at a with closure contained in V0, and put W:=f[V]. The disc V is nonempty and open, and the triangle inequality keeps the segment between any two of its points inside it, so [L5] makes V connected and hence a complex domain. The homeomorphism fV0 makes W open, while [L4] makes it connected as the continuous image of V. Thus V and W are complex domains, and steps 2.1 and 3.1 show that fV and its inverse are holomorphic. Hence fV:VW is biholomorphic.

step 2.1step 3.1L4L5given

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