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A null simple center frontier supplies the exact cancellation scalar
Statement
Assume AC_ω. Let a maximal nested-circle basin in a generic characteristic disk have one simple homoclinic frontier through one saddle and precisely its center in the interior. If its leafwise rounded image is null, a fixed cap supplies a C² first integral on a full neighborhood of the closed lobe and saddle, equal to the transported cap section on a regular exterior collar. After choosing the transverse sign so the center is a minimum, its Euclidean negative gradient has precisely one saddle unstable half-trajectory entering the lobe and tending to the center; the other exits a regular local section. Thus all scalar, branch, collar and fixed-cap hypotheses of the conditional simple-lobe cancellation carrier hold.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A maximal nested-circle basin about a center in a generic characteristic disk, whose frontier is one simple homoclinic loop through one nondegenerate saddle with no other zero of the characteristic field in the closed disk; the leafwise rounded image of is null in its leaf, and one leafwise cap is fixed.
The holonomy representation and holonomy group of a leaf are defined on leafwise homotopy classes of loops, so leafwise homotopic loops have the same holonomy germ and a leafwise-null loop has identity holonomy germ (The holonomy representation and the holonomy group of a leaf).
The saddle normal form: a function with nondegenerate indefinite Hessian at has coordinates in which (A C² saddle function has C¹ Morse coordinates), so the local level sets through are the two coordinate axes and there is a nondegenerate saddle Hessian at up to a nonzero factor.
The sibling-pair items lem-fixed-cap-transverse-product-glues-by-unique-transverse-flow-roots and lem-c2-first-integral-period-annuli-have-c2-products supply the C² transverse product gluing by unique roots of the transverse flow and the C² product structure on period-annuli of a nested-circle basin; the sibling-pair item lem-c1-planar-hyperbolic-gradient-has-local-stable-and-unstable-curves supplies the local stable and unstable curves of a planar hyperbolic zero; their exact uses are flagged in steps 4.1, 5.1 and 5.1 below.
Along a gradient trajectory of a function, for the negative gradient flow, and on a compact level band where is nowhere zero one has ; a trajectory whose value decreases strictly cannot cross a level set where the function takes a larger value.
A continuous disk cap into a surface with a prescribed boundary-collar germ has a approximation equal to that germ on a smaller open collar; the construction uses a compact intrinsic surface carrier and finite smooth approximation (Finite C2 surface carriers have smooth normal forms and relative cap approximations).
The standing assumption is Countable Choice as recorded for this pair (The countable-choice principle used in the foliation pair).
Proof
The source interior of the frontier occupies exactly one saddle quadrant of : the two coordinate axes of the saddle normal form of [F2] give four quadrants, and if the source interior occupied three of them, the two unused characteristic separatrix half-rays would lie inside , whereas every point of other than the center lies on a periodic orbit, and a separatrix half-ray is not a periodic orbit. Hence exactly one quadrant is occupied, and the maximality of the nested-circle basin and the absence of other zeros make the only interior center.
The rounded image of being null in its leaf makes the holonomy germ of the identity on both sides: the leafwise class of is trivial, so by [F1] the holonomy of is the holonomy of a null loop, namely the identity germ, and the same holds for the opposite side.
Choose one smooth positively transverse ambient field near the compact image of , by finitely many positive chart fields and smooth nonnegative weights. In each foliation box let be the assigned plaque of the intrinsic leaf through the corresponding arc of . The equation has a unique short root because its derivative in is nonzero. On overlaps the same orbit and assigned intrinsic plaque give the same root and projected point. The two-sided identity holonomy of step 1.2 returns the same plaque branch after one circuit, so these expressions give a projection on a sufficiently thin neighborhood of , including its saddle, with on . No embeddedness of the whole leaf or exclusion of distant branches is used. Choose a regular inner circle of the basin inside and an enlarged source disk with exterior boundary inside . The projection annulus, prescribed leafwise rounding collar and given null filling supply a continuous leafwise filling of . Attach the prescribed germ on a collar of , apply [F6] to the remaining filling disk, and extend by on outside . This gives one leafwise cap agreeing with the entire projection germ near and the exterior boundary; no flattening of the saddle jets is performed.
Apply the fixed-cap transverse-product construction of [F3] to with this same field . The actual trace on is obtained along its short orbits from , so its transported section satisfies exactly there. The product interval is fixed first; since on compact , shrink so its section range is compactly inside that interval. Its differential annihilates the characteristic line field. Near a genuine foliation one-form pulls back as with , so differentiation at the zero gives a nonzero scalar multiple of the Hessian of . Characteristic nondegeneracy makes this Hessian indefinite and invertible, and . This constructs the actual cap section directly.
Choose the transverse sign so in the basin quadrant. Near the center choose the pullback of a genuine foliation transverse coordinate, with sign making its Hessian positive definite; the same nonzero-factor calculation as in step 3.1 makes a Morse minimum. On the regular nested-circle annulus [F3] gives a quotient coordinate with full connected circle fibers. Both on an outer annulus and on an inner annulus factor through it with positive derivative. Scale and translate by a positive affine change so its value difference to the prescribed outer coordinate exceeds the two fixed endpoint-collar integrals. On the intervening compact quotient interval choose a positive derivative matching the endpoint derivatives; after shortening the endpoint collars, a positive middle bump obtains the exact required integral. Integration gives a scalar equal to near and to the actual on ; no differentiability of a quotient coordinate at the critical center value is assumed. Call it . It is a first integral on a full neighborhood of the closed lobe, has only the minimum and saddle , and agrees with the actual cap section on the whole exterior collar.
For the standard Euclidean metric, the negative gradient has two saddle unstable half-rays by the local hyperbolic-gradient picture of [F3]. Exactly one of them lies in the basin quadrant, and the other lies in the opposite sign-negative quadrant outside . The inside ray cannot leave : strictly decreases along it while the whole frontier has value zero, so starting from a negative level it remains in a compact inner disk. Were its limiting value greater than , a compact regular level band would satisfy , contradicting along the ray; hence its value tends to , any accumulation point has value , and the only such point is , so the ray tends to the center. The other ray is regular immediately after leaving a small saddle chart and crosses a short transverse exit section before reaching any other singularity.
The fixed cap , product and section on the exterior collar were built with the same field in steps 2.1 and 3.1. The scalar was extended inward while retaining that section exactly, rather than reparametrized across possibly disconnected level components. Thus its cap-product collar identity is pointwise and the branch conclusions of step 5.1 apply to this actual . The cap is a map into the intrinsic leaf and may have self-intersections; its finite compact image and prescribed collar germ suffice.
Therefore a maximal nested-circle basin with a single simple homoclinic frontier and a null leafwise rounded image supplies: a first integral on a full neighbourhood of the closed lobe and saddle that agrees with the transported fixed cap section on a regular exterior collar, and a Euclidean negative gradient with exactly one unstable half-trajectory entering the lobe and tending to the center while the other exits through a regular local section. These are precisely the scalar, branch, collar and fixed-cap hypotheses of the conditional simple-lobe cancellation carrier, and the construction used only finitely many boxes, collars and bump parameters together with the two sibling suppliers, hence only the standing countable choice from [F5].
Depends on
- Finite C2 surface carriers have smooth normal forms and relative cap approximations
- A fixed leafwise cap gives a joint transverse product with exact collar data
- The countable-choice principle used in the foliation pair
- A fixed cap product glues by unique transverse flow roots
- A C² first-integral period annulus has a C² leaf product
- A C² saddle function has C¹ Morse coordinates
- The holonomy representation and the holonomy group of a leaf
- A C1 planar gradient at a nondegenerate saddle has local stable and unstable curves
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- Mark Brittenham, Foliations and the Topology of 3-manifolds, class 11 (standard reference, not scraped)