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A subset of Rn with open supersets of arbitrarily small excess is Lebesgue measurable

Statement

Let n≥1 and assume the Axiom of Countable Choice (The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω)). Let E⊆Rn be such that for every real ε>0 there is an open U⊇E with λn∗(U∖E)<ε. Then there are a Gδ set G (Gδ and Fσ subsets of a topological space, agreeing with the real-line notion) and a set Z with

E  =  G∖Z,E⊆G,λn∗(Z)=0,

and E is Lebesgue measurable (Lebesgue measurable sets, the family L(Rn), and the restricted set function λn).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A natural number n≥1, the Axiom of Countable Choice, and a set E⊆Rn admitting open supersets of arbitrarily small outer excess.

[L1]

Assuming countable choice, L(Rn) is a sigma-algebra, λn is a complete measure on it, and every S⊆Rn with λn∗(S)=0 is Lebesgue measurable with λn(S)=0 (Assuming countable choice, L(Rn) is a sigma-algebra containing every elementary set and λn is a complete measure extending elementary volume).

[L2]

Assuming countable choice, every Borel subset of Rn is Lebesgue measurable (Assuming countable choice, every Borel subset of Rn is Lebesgue measurable).

[L3]

Assuming countable choice, λn∗ is an outer measure on Rn, hence monotone (Assuming countable choice, Lebesgue outer measure is an outer measure that restricts to elementary volume, Outer measures).

[F1]

A is a Gδ set of X when there is a sequence (Vn)n∈N of open subsets of X with A=⋂n∈NVn (Gδ and Fσ subsets of a topological space, agreeing with the real-line notion).

[F3]

For every real ε>0 there is a natural number k≥1 with 1/k<ε (For every ε>0 in a complete ordered field there is a natural n≥1 with 1/n<ε).

[F4]

The Axiom of Countable Choice says that for every family (Xn)n∈N of nonempty sets indexed by N there is a function f with domain N such that f(n)∈Xn for every n∈N (The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω)).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1F3F4

For every m∈N the family of open U⊇E with λn∗(U∖E)<1/(m+1) is nonempty by hypothesis, since 1/(m+1) is a positive real, so countable choice selects such a Um for every m.

2.1step 1.1L3F1F2F3

Put G:=⋂m∈NUm and Z:=G∖E; then G is a Gδ set containing E, so E=G∖Z, and Z⊆Um∖E for every m, whence monotonicity gives λn∗(Z)≤1/(m+1) for every m and therefore λn∗(Z)=0.

3.1step 2.1L1L2F1∎

G is a countable intersection of open sets, hence Borel and Lebesgue measurable; Z has outer measure 0, hence is Lebesgue measurable; and E=G∖Z is a difference of measurable sets, hence Lebesgue measurable.

Depends on

Used by

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Sources