How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Assuming countable choice, is a sigma-algebra containing every elementary set and is a complete measure extending elementary volume
Statement
Let and assume the Axiom of Countable Choice (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()). Then:
- is a sigma-algebra on and is a measure on it (Measures on sigma-algebras);
- the measure space is complete (Complete measure spaces), and every with is Lebesgue measurable with ;
- every elementary set is Lebesgue measurable and for every ; in particular for every half-open box , and .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A natural number , the Axiom of Countable Choice, Lebesgue outer measure , and the family of sets Carathéodory measurable for it.
A set is Lebesgue measurable when it is Carathéodory measurable for , the family of these is , and (Lebesgue measurable sets, the family , and the restricted set function ).
Assuming countable choice, is an outer measure on , and for every elementary set (Assuming countable choice, Lebesgue outer measure is an outer measure that restricts to elementary volume).
is the outer set function induced by the premeasure on the algebra of elementary sets (Lebesgue outer measure on ).
Elementary volume is a sigma-finite premeasure on (Elementary volume is a sigma-finite premeasure on the algebra of elementary sets); its value on a half-open box is the box volume (The sum of the volumes of a disjoint box decomposition of an elementary set does not depend on the decomposition, Half-open boxes in and their volume), and is elementary with infinite elementary volume (Elementary sets: the finite unions of half-open boxes in ).
For an outer measure on , the Carathéodory measurable subsets form a sigma-algebra, and the restriction of the outer measure to it is a complete measure (Carathéodory's theorem: measurable sets form a sigma-algebra carrying a complete measure).
Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice. Every member of the source algebra is Carathéodory measurable for the induced outer measure (Assuming countable choice, every source-algebra set is measurable for the induced outer measure).
Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice. If is a premeasure on an algebra of subsets of and is its induced outer set function, then and (Assuming countable choice, a premeasure extends through its induced outer measure).
Every set of outer measure zero, and every subset of it, is Carathéodory measurable and has outer measure zero (Every outer-null set is Carathéodory measurable).
A measure space is complete if every subset of every measurable -null set is measurable (Complete measure spaces); and a measure on is a function with that is countably additive on pairwise disjoint sequences (Measures on sigma-algebras).
The Axiom of Countable Choice says that for every family of nonempty sets indexed by there is a function with domain such that for every (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()).
Proof
Under countable choice is an outer measure on , so [F1] applies to it: its Carathéodory measurable sets, which are by definition the members of , form a sigma-algebra, and the restriction of to it is a complete measure.
Since is the outer set function induced by the premeasure on , the extension theorem and the source-algebra lemma give and there; a half-open box and and are elementary, so , and .
A set with is Carathéodory measurable for , hence Lebesgue measurable, and its measure is its outer measure, namely .
Claim 1 and the completeness half of claim 2 are step 1.1, the null-set half of claim 2 is step 1.3, and claim 3 is step 1.2.
Depends on
- Lebesgue measurable sets, the family $\mathcal{L}(\mathbb{R}^n)$, and the restricted set function $\lambda_n$
- Assuming countable choice, Lebesgue outer measure is an outer measure that restricts to elementary volume
- Carathéodory's theorem: measurable sets form a sigma-algebra carrying a complete measure
- Assuming countable choice, every source-algebra set is measurable for the induced outer measure
- Assuming countable choice, a premeasure extends through its induced outer measure
- Every outer-null set is Carathéodory measurable
- Measures on sigma-algebras
- Complete measure spaces
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
- Elementary sets: the finite unions of half-open boxes in $\mathbb{R}^n$
- Lebesgue outer measure on $\mathbb{R}^n$
- Elementary volume is a sigma-finite premeasure on the algebra of elementary sets
- The sum of the volumes of a disjoint box decomposition of an elementary set does not depend on the decomposition
- Half-open boxes in $\mathbb{R}^n$ and their volume
Used by
- A bounded function on a closed bounded interval, or on a closed nondegenerate rectangle, is Riemann integrable exactly when its discontinuity set has Lebesgue measure zero Corollary
- A Lebesgue measurable subgroup of (ℝⁿ,+) of positive measure is all of ℝⁿ Corollary
- A property holding outside a set of elementary measure zero is exactly a property holding λ-almost everywhere Corollary
- Every subset of ℝⁿ has a G_δ measurable hull of the same outer measure Corollary
- L(ℝⁿ) is exactly the completion of the restriction of λₙ to the Borel sets Corollary
- The Cantor set is an uncountable subset of ℝ of Lebesgue measure zero Corollary
- A dense G_δ subset of ℝ of Lebesgue measure zero containing every rational, and its meager complement of full measure Example
- The Lebesgue measure of an interval, of a box, of ℚ and of the irrationals in [0,1] Example
- Assuming the Axiom of Choice, every Lebesgue measurable subset of ℝ is a Borel set False statement
- A coordinate scaling and a coordinate transposition send the unit cube to a set of measure equal to the absolute value of the determinant Lemma
- A Lipschitz self-map of ℝⁿ carries Lebesgue null sets to Lebesgue null sets Lemma
- A measurable set of positive finite measure occupies more than any prescribed proportion of some dyadic cube Lemma
- A shear sends the unit cube to a set of Lebesgue measure one Lemma
- A subset of ℝⁿ with open supersets of arbitrarily small excess is Lebesgue measurable Lemma
- Countable covers by closed boxes, by open boxes and by closed cubes all compute Lebesgue outer measure Lemma
- For a Lebesgue measurable set and every positive ε there is an open superset whose difference from it has outer measure below ε Lemma
- A box with a degenerate side is Lebesgue null, and so is every coordinate hyperplane in ℝⁿ Proposition
- Every at most countable subset of ℝⁿ is Lebesgue null; in particular λ₁(ℚ)=0 Proposition
- Lebesgue measure is sigma-finite, and every metrically bounded subset of ℝⁿ has finite outer measure Proposition
- A box in ℝⁿ with parameters aᵢ≤ bᵢ is Lebesgue measurable of measure ∏_i<n(bᵢ-aᵢ), whichever of its faces are included Theorem
- A linear map T of ℝⁿ sends Lebesgue measurable sets to Lebesgue measurable sets, with λₙ(T[E])=|det T| λₙ(E) when T is invertible and T[E] Lebesgue null when it is not Theorem
- A translation-invariant measure on the Borel sets of ℝⁿ giving the unit cube measure one is the restriction of Lebesgue measure Theorem
- An invertible linear map of ℝⁿ scales the Lebesgue measure of every Borel set by a positive constant depending only on the map Theorem
- Assuming countable choice, every Borel subset of ℝⁿ is Lebesgue measurable Theorem
- Assuming countable choice, four equivalent descriptions of a Lebesgue measurable subset of ℝⁿ Theorem
- Assuming countable choice, the Lebesgue measure of a measurable set is the supremum of the measures of its compact subsets Theorem
- Assuming countable choice, the Lebesgue outer measure of an arbitrary subset of ℝⁿ is the infimum of the measures of the open sets containing it Theorem
- Every affine hyperplane of ℝⁿ, and hence every proper linear subspace, is Lebesgue null Theorem
- For a nonzero real c, dilation by c multiplies Lebesgue outer measure by |c|ⁿ, and reflection in the origin preserves it Theorem
- If a Lebesgue measurable subset of ℝⁿ has positive measure, its difference set contains an open ball about the origin Theorem
- Lebesgue outer measure is at most Jordan outer content, and a bounded Jordan measurable set is Lebesgue measurable with Lebesgue measure equal to its Jordan content Theorem
- Lebesgue outer measure, Lebesgue measurability and Lebesgue measure are unchanged by translation Theorem
Cited to discharge well-definedness by Lebesgue measurable sets, the family L(ℝⁿ), and the restricted set function λₙ.
Dependency tree · two levels
51 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- John K. Hunter, Measure Theory (UC Davis lecture notes), Theorem 2.9 and Proposition 2.12 (standard reference, not scraped)
- T. Tao, An Introduction to Measure Theory (GSM 126), Section 1.2 (standard reference, not scraped)