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Assuming countable choice, Lebesgue outer measure is an outer measure that restricts to elementary volume
Statement
Let . Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()). Then Lebesgue outer measure (Lebesgue outer measure on ) is an outer measure on (Outer measures): it vanishes at , is monotone, and is countably subadditive.
The agreement clause is a theorem of ZF and needs no choice principle: for every elementary set (Elementary sets: the finite unions of half-open boxes in ), where is elementary volume. In particular for every half-open box , and .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A natural number , the Axiom of Countable Choice, the premeasure on the algebra , and its induced outer set function .
is the outer set function induced by the premeasure on the algebra of elementary sets (Lebesgue outer measure on ).
Elementary volume is a sigma-finite premeasure on (Elementary volume is a sigma-finite premeasure on the algebra of elementary sets).
Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice. The outer set function induced by a premeasure is an outer measure (Assuming countable choice, the outer set function induced by a premeasure is an outer measure).
For every , the outer measure induced by a premeasure satisfies (The induced outer measure agrees with the premeasure on the source algebra).
An outer measure on a set is a function that vanishes at the empty set, is monotone, and is countably subadditive (Outer measures).
The Axiom of Countable Choice says that for every family of nonempty sets indexed by there is a function with domain such that for every (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()).
Proof
Elementary volume is a premeasure on the algebra of subsets of , and is by definition the outer set function it induces, so both [F1] and [F2] apply to this pair.
Under the Axiom of Countable Choice, an induced outer set function is an outer measure, which is the first assertion.
The identity on the source algebra is [F2], whose statement carries no choice hypothesis, so the agreement clause holds in ZF alone; applied to a half-open box , which is elementary, it gives , and applied to it gives .
Steps 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 together are the Statement.
Depends on
- Lebesgue outer measure on $\mathbb{R}^n$
- Assuming countable choice, the outer set function induced by a premeasure is an outer measure
- The induced outer measure agrees with the premeasure on the source algebra
- Outer measures
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
- Elementary volume is a sigma-finite premeasure on the algebra of elementary sets
- Elementary sets: the finite unions of half-open boxes in $\mathbb{R}^n$
Used by
- A property holding outside a set of elementary measure zero is exactly a property holding λ-almost everywhere Corollary
- Every subset of ℝⁿ has a G_δ measurable hull of the same outer measure Corollary
- A subset of ℝⁿ with open supersets of arbitrarily small excess is Lebesgue measurable Lemma
- Countable covers by closed boxes, by open boxes and by closed cubes all compute Lebesgue outer measure Lemma
- For a Lebesgue measurable set and every positive ε there is an open superset whose difference from it has outer measure below ε Lemma
- Lebesgue measure is sigma-finite, and every metrically bounded subset of ℝⁿ has finite outer measure Proposition
- A box in ℝⁿ with parameters aᵢ≤ bᵢ is Lebesgue measurable of measure ∏_i<n(bᵢ-aᵢ), whichever of its faces are included Theorem
- Assuming countable choice, four equivalent descriptions of a Lebesgue measurable subset of ℝⁿ Theorem
- Assuming countable choice, L(ℝⁿ) is a sigma-algebra containing every elementary set and λₙ is a complete measure extending elementary volume Theorem
- Assuming countable choice, the Lebesgue outer measure of an arbitrary subset of ℝⁿ is the infimum of the measures of the open sets containing it Theorem
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- John K. Hunter, Measure Theory (UC Davis lecture notes), Theorem 2.4 (standard reference, not scraped)
- T. Tao, An Introduction to Measure Theory (GSM 126), Section 1.2 (standard reference, not scraped)