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Lebesgue measure is sigma-finite, and every metrically bounded subset of has finite outer measure
Statement
Let and assume the Axiom of Countable Choice (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()). Then:
- is sigma-finite (Finite, sigma-finite, and semifinite measures): the cubes are Lebesgue measurable with , they increase with , and their union over is .
- Every bounded subset (Bounded subset, diameter, distance from a point to a set, and distance between two sets in a metric space) has ; a bounded Lebesgue measurable set therefore has finite measure, and every compact subset of is Lebesgue measurable of finite measure.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A natural number , the Axiom of Countable Choice, and Lebesgue measure on .
Assuming countable choice, is a sigma-algebra, is a complete measure on it, and for every half-open box (Assuming countable choice, is a sigma-algebra containing every elementary set and is a complete measure extending elementary volume).
Every set with is Lebesgue measurable with (A box in with parameters is Lebesgue measurable of measure , whichever of its faces are included).
Assuming countable choice, is an outer measure on , hence monotone (Assuming countable choice, Lebesgue outer measure is an outer measure that restricts to elementary volume, Outer measures).
Assuming countable choice, every Borel subset of is Lebesgue measurable (Assuming countable choice, every Borel subset of is Lebesgue measurable).
For a nonempty box when every and every is real, and (Half-open boxes in and their volume, Integer powers ).
is sigma-finite if there is a sequence in such that and for every (Finite, sigma-finite, and semifinite measures).
is bounded if or there are and a real with , where (Bounded subset, diameter, distance from a point to a set, and distance between two sets in a metric space, Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space).
For every , , and , , where (The finite and reverse triangle inequalities for a norm; and for every norm on satisfies and is Lipschitz, hence continuous, for , claim 3; Each is a norm on , and the induced metrics are exactly , and of the published metric-spaces page, claim 3; The -norms for rational , and ; as the set of functions , and , , are metrics on it).
A subset is compact if and only if is closed in and bounded (Heine-Borel in : with the Euclidean metric a subset of is compact if and only if it is closed and bounded, and the proof by bisection uses no choice principle; the same holds on the real line, claim 2; The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement); and a compact subset of a metric space is closed and bounded (A compact subset of a metric space is closed and bounded).
If and , then (Measures are monotone).
Every complete ordered field is Archimedean: for every there is a natural number with (Every complete ordered field is Archimedean).
Proof
Each cube is a half-open box, hence Lebesgue measurable with , a real number; the cubes increase with ; and every lies in one of them, because the Archimedean property gives a natural above each of the finitely many reals , so their union is and is sigma-finite.
Let be bounded and nonempty, say with a positive real; every satisfies in each coordinate, so is contained in the half-open box with parameter pairs , whose volume is ; monotonicity of the outer measure therefore gives , and the empty set has outer measure .
A bounded Lebesgue measurable set has by step 1.2; and a compact is closed, hence Borel and Lebesgue measurable, and bounded, hence of finite measure.
Step 1.1 is claim 1 and steps 1.2 and 2.1 are claim 2.
Depends on
- Assuming countable choice, $\mathcal{L}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ is a sigma-algebra containing every elementary set and $\lambda_n$ is a complete measure extending elementary volume
- A box in $\mathbb{R}^n$ with parameters $a_i\le b_i$ is Lebesgue measurable of measure $\prod_{i<n}(b_i-a_i)$, whichever of its faces are included
- Assuming countable choice, Lebesgue outer measure is an outer measure that restricts to elementary volume
- Assuming countable choice, every Borel subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$ is Lebesgue measurable
- Finite, sigma-finite, and semifinite measures
- Bounded subset, diameter, distance from a point to a set, and distance between two sets in a metric space
- Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space
- The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement
- $\mathbb{R}^n$ as the set of functions $n \to \mathbb{R}$, and $d_1$, $d_2$, $d_\infty$ are metrics on it
- The $p$-norms $\lVert x\rVert_p$ for rational $p \ge 1$, and $\lVert x\rVert_\infty$
- Each $\lVert\cdot\rVert_p$ is a norm on $\mathbb{R}^n$, and the induced metrics are exactly $d_1$, $d_2$ and $d_\infty$ of the published metric-spaces page
- The finite and reverse triangle inequalities for a norm; and for $n \ge 1$ every norm $N$ on $\mathbb{R}^n$ satisfies $N(x) \le C\lVert x\rVert_1$ and is Lipschitz, hence continuous, for $d_2$
- Heine-Borel in $\mathbb{R}^n$: with the Euclidean metric a subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$ is compact if and only if it is closed and bounded, and the proof by bisection uses no choice principle; the same holds on the real line
- A compact subset of a metric space is closed and bounded
- Measures are monotone
- Outer measures
- Half-open boxes in $\mathbb{R}^n$ and their volume
- Integer powers $a^m$
- Every complete ordered field is Archimedean
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
Used by
- For a Lebesgue measurable set and every positive ε there is an open superset whose difference from it has outer measure below ε Lemma
- An invertible linear map of ℝⁿ scales the Lebesgue measure of every Borel set by a positive constant depending only on the map Theorem
- Assuming countable choice, the Lebesgue measure of a measurable set is the supremum of the measures of its compact subsets Theorem
- If a Lebesgue measurable subset of ℝⁿ has positive measure, its difference set contains an open ball about the origin Theorem
Dependency tree · two levels
116 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- John K. Hunter, Measure Theory (UC Davis lecture notes), Chapter 2 (standard reference, not scraped)
- E. A. Carlen, Notes on Lebesgue Measure on $\mathbb{R}^n$ and $S^{n-1}$ (Rutgers Math 501), Section 1 (standard reference, not scraped)