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Lebesgue measure is sigma-finite, and every metrically bounded subset of has finite outer measure
Statement
Let and assume the Axiom of Countable Choice (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()). Then:
- is sigma-finite (Finite, sigma-finite, and semifinite measures): the cubes are Lebesgue measurable with , they increase with , and their union over is .
- Every bounded subset (Bounded subset, diameter, distance from a point to a set, and distance between two sets in a metric space) has ; a bounded Lebesgue measurable set therefore has finite measure, and every compact subset of is Lebesgue measurable of finite measure.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A natural number , the Axiom of Countable Choice, and Lebesgue measure on .
Assuming countable choice, is a sigma-algebra, is a complete measure on it, and for every half-open box (Assuming countable choice, is a sigma-algebra containing every elementary set and is a complete measure extending elementary volume).
Every set with is Lebesgue measurable with (A box in with parameters is Lebesgue measurable of measure , whichever of its faces are included).
Assuming countable choice, is an outer measure on , hence monotone (Assuming countable choice, Lebesgue outer measure is an outer measure that restricts to elementary volume, Outer measures).
Assuming countable choice, every Borel subset of is Lebesgue measurable (Assuming countable choice, every Borel subset of is Lebesgue measurable).
For a nonempty box when every and every is real, and (Half-open boxes in and their volume, Integer powers ).
is sigma-finite if there is a sequence in such that and for every (Finite, sigma-finite, and semifinite measures).
is bounded if or there are and a real with , where (Bounded subset, diameter, distance from a point to a set, and distance between two sets in a metric space, Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space).
For every , , and , , where (The finite and reverse triangle inequalities for a norm; and for every norm on satisfies and is Lipschitz, hence continuous, for , claim 3; Each is a norm on , and the induced metrics are exactly , and of the published metric-spaces page, claim 3; The -norms for rational , and ; as the set of functions , and , , are metrics on it).
A subset is compact if and only if is closed in and bounded (Heine-Borel in : with the Euclidean metric a subset of is compact if and only if it is closed and bounded, and the proof by bisection uses no choice principle; the same holds on the real line, claim 2; The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement); and a compact subset of a metric space is closed and bounded (A compact subset of a metric space is closed and bounded).
If and , then (Measures are monotone).
Every complete ordered field is Archimedean: for every there is a natural number with (Every complete ordered field is Archimedean).
Proof
Each cube is a half-open box, hence Lebesgue measurable with , a real number; the cubes increase with ; and every lies in one of them, because the Archimedean property gives a natural above each of the finitely many reals , so their union is and is sigma-finite.
Let be bounded and nonempty, say with a positive real; every satisfies in each coordinate, so is contained in the half-open box with parameter pairs , whose volume is ; monotonicity of the outer measure therefore gives , and the empty set has outer measure .
A bounded Lebesgue measurable set has by step 1.2; and a compact is closed, hence Borel and Lebesgue measurable, and bounded, hence of finite measure.
Step 1.1 is claim 1 and steps 1.2 and 2.1 are claim 2.
Depends on
- Assuming countable choice, $\mathcal{L}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ is a sigma-algebra containing every elementary set and $\lambda_n$ is a complete measure extending elementary volume
- A box in $\mathbb{R}^n$ with parameters $a_i\le b_i$ is Lebesgue measurable of measure $\prod_{i<n}(b_i-a_i)$, whichever of its faces are included
- Assuming countable choice, Lebesgue outer measure is an outer measure that restricts to elementary volume
- Assuming countable choice, every Borel subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$ is Lebesgue measurable
- Finite, sigma-finite, and semifinite measures
- Bounded subset, diameter, distance from a point to a set, and distance between two sets in a metric space
- Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space
- The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement
- $\mathbb{R}^n$ as the set of functions $n \to \mathbb{R}$, and $d_1$, $d_2$, $d_\infty$ are metrics on it
- The $p$-norms $\lVert x\rVert_p$ for rational $p \ge 1$, and $\lVert x\rVert_\infty$
- Each $\lVert\cdot\rVert_p$ is a norm on $\mathbb{R}^n$, and the induced metrics are exactly $d_1$, $d_2$ and $d_\infty$ of the published metric-spaces page
- The finite and reverse triangle inequalities for a norm; and for $n \ge 1$ every norm $N$ on $\mathbb{R}^n$ satisfies $N(x) \le C\lVert x\rVert_1$ and is Lipschitz, hence continuous, for $d_2$
- Heine-Borel in $\mathbb{R}^n$: with the Euclidean metric a subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$ is compact if and only if it is closed and bounded, and the proof by bisection uses no choice principle; the same holds on the real line
- A compact subset of a metric space is closed and bounded
- Measures are monotone
- Outer measures
- Half-open boxes in $\mathbb{R}^n$ and their volume
- Integer powers $a^m$
- Every complete ordered field is Archimedean
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
Used by
- L¹ approximate identities converge uniformly on compacta for bounded continuous functions Corollary
- Poincare-Wirtinger on bounded convex domains by the direct pairwise argument Corollary
- Positive-degree Dolbeault vanishing on pseudoconvex domains Corollary
- Positive, negative, and truncated Sobolev functions Corollary
- Weak differentiation has a closed graph on its natural domains Corollary
- A gradient-only Poincare estimate needs normalisation Counterexample
- A hypersurface jump is not W^1,p Counterexample
- A nonmeasurable subset of a null line shows that the product of complete measures need not be complete Counterexample
- A step has no locally integrable weak derivative Counterexample
- Not every compact set is conformally removable Counterexample
- The Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator is not strong type (1,1) Counterexample
- Newtonian potential of compactly supported data Definition
- Weak solutions of the Beltrami equation Definition
- A Dirac mass has precisely sufficiently negative Sobolev order Example
- Matching C¹ pieces across a hyperplane have no jump derivative Example
- The regular representation of the real line as a multiplicity-one integral of characters Example
- A finite-measure measurable set in ℝⁿ has a compact core and a bounded open neighbourhood of arbitrarily small excess Lemma
- A local Sobolev chain rule for C¹ postcomposition Lemma
- A separated characteristic disk has a minimal nonidentity simple cycle Lemma
- ACL representatives recover their weak gradients by Fubini Lemma
- An area-minimal three-sector homoclinic cycle has identity inward holonomy Lemma
- Area and L² derivative bounds for quasiconformal homeomorphisms Lemma
- Bessel potentials shift Sobolev order Lemma
- Borel change of variables from the compact-support formula and Radon uniqueness Lemma
- Compact subsets of lines and round circles are removable for quasiconformal maps Lemma
- Continuous compactly supported functions are translation-continuous in Lᵖ Lemma
- Exact L2 Fourier multiplier norm Lemma
- For a Lebesgue measurable set and every positive ε there is an open superset whose difference from it has outer measure below ε Lemma
- Integration by parts for dual-exponent Sobolev functions Lemma
- Mean-zero Poincare estimate on bounded connected extension domains below the dimension Lemma
- Riemann maps of Jordan domains extend to homeomorphisms of the closures Lemma
- Smooth compactly supported functions of an open set are dense in L² Lemma
- The Ahlfors-Beurling extension formula for quasisymmetric maps of the line Lemma
- The fixed-support Cauchy transform and its Hölder bounds Lemma
- The layer-cake identity for integrable functions Lemma
- The tangential maximal function is controlled by the aperture-one nontangential maximal function in Lᵖ Lemma
- Truncated maximal functions: finiteness, comparison estimates and the good-set bound Lemma
- Weak derivatives persist under local Lp limits Lemma
- Weak differentiation ignores null-set changes Lemma
- Weighted monomial integrals and monomial norms for the disc, ball and polydisc Lemma
…and 19 more results.
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- John K. Hunter, Measure Theory (UC Davis lecture notes), Chapter 2 (standard reference, not scraped)
- E. A. Carlen, Notes on Lebesgue Measure on $\mathbb{R}^n$ and $S^{n-1}$ (Rutgers Math 501), Section 1 (standard reference, not scraped)