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Smooth finite point motions extend to disk isotopies

Statement

Assume ACω. Let D2⊆R2 be the closed unit disc and let z1,…,zn:R→int⁡D2 be smooth paths that are constant on (−∞,0] and on [1,∞) and satisfy zi(t)≠zj(t) for all i≠j and all t∈R. Then there is a smooth map Φ:D2×[0,1]→D2 such that:

  1. Φ0=id⁡D2 and every Φs:=Φ(−,s) is a diffeomorphism of D2 fixing ∂D2 pointwise;
  2. Φs(zi(0))=zi(s) for every i∈{1,…,n} and every s∈[0,1].

In particular Φ1 is a boundary-fixed diffeomorphism carrying the initial marked set {z1(0),…,zn(0)} onto the terminal set {z1(1),…,zn(1)}.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The countable axiom of choice and the smooth collision-free paths z1,…,zn, constant near the two ends of the unit interval.

[L1]

For 0<r<R and n≥1 there is a smooth ρ:Rn→[0,1] with ρ=1 on B‾r(0) and supp⁡(ρ)⊆BR(0) (A smooth bump between concentric Euclidean balls).

[L2]

Under ACω a time-dependent vector field on a manifold M over an interval I is a smooth map X:I×M→TM with X(t,p)∈TpM, and an evolution operator satisfies ddrΨr,s(p)=Xr(Ψr,s(p)) and Ψs,s(p)=p (Time-dependent vector fields and their evolution operators).

[L3]

If the supports of a smooth time-dependent field Xt over a compact interval J lie in a common compact set, then a global evolution operator Ψt,s:M→M exists for all s,t∈J (Compactly supported time-dependent vector fields have global evolution on a compact time interval).

[L4]

For a smooth time-dependent field on an open interval, the solution t↦Ψt,s(q) of the ordinary differential equation with its prescribed value at s is unique (Time-dependent vector fields have local smooth evolution operators).

[L5]

ACω selects one element from each member of an at most countable family of nonempty sets (The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω)).

[L6]

A homeomorphism is a continuous bijection with continuous inverse (Homeomorphism, open map, closed map, embedding, and what it means for a property to be topological).

Proof

technique · direct

If n=0, take Φs=id⁡D2 for all s. Assume n≥1 below.

1.1L1L2L5

A compactly supported field along the tracks. The boundary margins 1−∥zi(t)∥2 are positive on the compact interval; when n≥2, the finitely many pairwise distances ∥zi(t)−zj(t)∥2 are positive there as well. Let δ>0 be a common lower bound for all boundary margins and, when present, pairwise distances. By [L1] with r=δ/6<R=δ/3 choose a smooth bump ρ:R2→[0,1] equal to 1 on B‾δ/6(0) with support in Bδ/3(0), and define Xt(x):=∑i=1nρ(x−zi(t))zi′(t)(t∈R, x∈R2). Each term is smooth in (t,x) and the sum is finite, so X is a smooth time-dependent vector field on R2 over R in the sense of [L2]. For fixed t the supports of the terms lie in pairwise disjoint balls Bδ/3(zi(t)) when n≥2, and these balls lie in int⁡D2 because each point stays at least δ from the boundary. Moreover zi′=0 on (−∞,0] and [1,∞). Hence the union of the supports over t∈[0,1] is a compact subset of int⁡D2, and Xt=0 for t∉[0,1].

2.1L3L4step 1.1

The flow carries each marked point along its path. By [L3] and [L5] the field X has a global evolution operator Ψs,0 over [0,1]. Fix i and let γ(s):=zi(s). At the point γ(s) the i-th term of Xs equals zi′(s) because ρ(0)=1, and every term with j≠i vanishes there because ∥γ(s)−zj(s)∥2≥δ>δ/3 while the support of the j-th bump lies in Bδ/3(zj(s)). Hence Xs(γ(s))=γ′(s), so γ solves the ordinary differential equation of [L2] with γ(0)=zi(0)=Ψ0,0(zi(0)), and the uniqueness clause [L4] gives Ψs,0(zi(0))=zi(s) for every s∈[0,1].

2.2L2L3L4L6step 1.1

The flow maps are boundary-fixed diffeomorphisms. Since X=0 outside a compact subset of int⁡D2, the flow through an initial point of ∂D2 is constant, so Ψs,0 fixes ∂D2 pointwise and maps D2 onto itself; it is smooth, and its inverse is the flow map Ψ0,s of the same field, so by [L6] each Ψs,0 restricts to a homeomorphism of D2 that is smooth with smooth inverse, that is, a diffeomorphism. Taking s=0 gives Ψ0,0=id⁡.

3.1step 2.1step 2.2∎

Conclusion. Setting Φ(s,x):=Ψs,0(x) and restricting the first variable to [0,1] gives, by steps 2.1 and 2.2, a smooth map Φ:D2×[0,1]→D2 with Φ0=id⁡, all time maps boundary-fixed diffeomorphisms, and Φs(zi(0))=zi(s) for every i and s; the terminal map Φ1 therefore carries the initial marked set onto the terminal one, and no other property of the flow is used.

Remarks

  • The only choice spent is ACω, already present in the published definition [L2] of a time-dependent field; the finite Euclidean construction itself selects nothing.
  • Disjointness of the bumps is what makes the field equal to zi′ near the i-th moving point: the other summands are supported at positive distance from it.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

27 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources