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The single-direction flux identity on a simple solid region

Statement

Let (k,D,γ1,γ2) be a simple description of a solid E in the direction k and let Σ=((D1,φ1),…,(DP,φP)) be a boundary presentation adapted to it (Boundary presentations adapted to a simple solid region in a coordinate direction). Let R be a real function of class C1 on an open set containing E and let Rek be the field whose kth coordinate is R and whose other two coordinates are zero. Then the flux of Rek over the presentation equals the integral of the kth partial derivative of R over E:

∑j=1P∫Dj⟨Rek(φj),φj,u×φj,v⟩=∫E∂kR.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The simple description (k,D,γ1,γ2) of E, the adapted presentation Σ with its supplied sublists Σ+,Σ−,Σ0, and the function R of class C1 on an open O⊇E. Write ψj=πk∘φj, Vj=ψj[Dj∘], σk−1(w,t) for the point with πk-projection w and kth coordinate t, and Rγi(w):=R(σk−1(w,γi(w))) for i=1,2.

[F1]

For a compatible finite patch presentation, the oriented flux is the sum of the patch values, each patch value being ∫Dj(F∘φj)⋅(φj,u×φj,v) (Finitely patched regular surfaces, their area, scalar integrals, and flux, Unit normal fields, orientations, and flux through a regular surface patch).

[F2]

For j∈Σ0 the kth coordinate of φj,u×φj,v vanishes on the interior of Dj; the projected images of the upper sublist are pairwise disjoint and fill D up to content zero, and the same holds for the lower sublist (Boundary presentations adapted to a simple solid region in a coordinate direction).

[F3]

A regular patch has a compact Jordan parameter region that is the closure of its nonempty interior, and its parametrization is C1 on an open neighbourhood of that region (Regular parametrized surface patches on compact Jordan parameter regions).

[F4]

The simple solid region described by (k,D,γ1,γ2) is E={p∈R3:πk(p)∈D, γ1(πk(p))≤pk≤γ2(πk(p))} with D compact Jordan and γ1≤γ2 continuous on D, and σk(p)=(πk(p),pk) carries E onto the solid between the graphs of γ1 and γ2 over D (Simple solid regions in a coordinate direction and their cyclic coordinate projection).

[F5]

For x,y∈Rm, ⟨x,y⟩=∑i<mxiyi (The Euclidean inner product ⟨x,y⟩=∑k<nxkyk on Rn); a C1 function has continuous first partial derivatives (Ck Euclidean maps and diffeomorphisms); and ∂k is the kth partial derivative appearing in the divergence of Divergence and curl of a C1 vector field.

[F6]

Integration over a bounded Jordan measurable set is integration of the zero extension over a bounding rectangle (The Riemann integral of a bounded function over a bounded Jordan measurable set).

[L1]

For j∈Σ+ the flux of Rek through (Dj,φj) is ∫VjRγ2, and for j∈Σ− it is −∫VjRγ1; each Vj is a bounded open Jordan measurable subset of D and the base integrand is integrable over it (The flux of a single-component field through a graph face is a base integral of its trace).

[L2]

Let A be bounded Jordan measurable, let N≥1 and let A1,…,AN⊆A be bounded Jordan sets with pairwise intersections of content zero and with A∖⋃iAi of content zero; if f is bounded on A and integrable over A and over each Ai, then ∫Af=∑i=1N∫Aif (Additivity of the integral over finitely many Jordan pieces that fill a Jordan set up to content zero).

[L3]

For compact Jordan D⊆Rm, continuous α≤β on D and K={(u,t):u∈D, α(u)≤t≤β(u)}, the solid K is compact and Jordan measurable and every continuous H:K→R satisfies ∫KH=∫D(∫α(u)β(u)H(u,t) dt)du (A solid between continuous graphs over a compact Jordan base is Jordan measurable and integrates by vertical sections).

[L4]

For a cyclic coordinate permutation σk of R3 and compact Jordan E′, the set σk[E′] is compact Jordan and ∫σk[E′]H=∫E′H∘σk for bounded H integrable on either side (A cyclic permutation of the coordinates of R3 preserves Jordan measurability and integrals).

[L5]

If G is differentiable at every point of [a,b] with a<b and G′ is integrable on [a,b], then ∫abG′=G(b)−G(a) (The second fundamental theorem: if G is differentiable on [a,b] with G′=f and f is integrable, then ∫abf=G(b)−G(a)).

[L6]

Every continuous real function on a compact Jordan measurable set is Riemann integrable over it (A continuous real function on a compact Jordan measurable set is Riemann integrable over that set).

[L7]

For a C1 map φ of two variables into R3, (φu×φv)k=det⁡D(πk∘φ) (Each coordinate of the oriented area vector is the Jacobian determinant of the matching cyclic projection).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1givenF2F3F5L7

Let j∈Σ0. By [F5] the flux integrand of Rek through (Dj,φj) is R(φj) (φj,u×φj,v)k, which is continuous on Dj because φj is C1 there by [F3] and R is continuous. By [F2] its second factor vanishes on Dj∘, and Dj is the closure of Dj∘ by [F3], so a continuous function vanishing on Dj∘ vanishes on Dj. Hence that patch's flux is ∫Dj0=0.

1.2givenF4F5L3L4L6

By [F4] the set E is compact and Jordan measurable and σk[E]=K:={(w,t):w∈D, γ1(w)≤t≤γ2(w)}. The function H(w,t):=(∂kR)(σk−1(w,t)) is continuous on K, since ∂kR is continuous on O by [F5] and σk−1 is linear, and H∘σk=∂kR on E. So [L4] applied with E′=E gives ∫E∂kR=∫KH, both integrals existing by [L3] and [L6].

1.3givenF4F5L5

Fix w∈D and put G(t):=R(σk−1(w,t)), defined and differentiable for every t with σk−1(w,t)∈O, with G′(t)=(∂kR)(σk−1(w,t))=H(w,t) because varying t moves only the kth coordinate. If γ1(w)<γ2(w) then G is differentiable on [γ1(w),γ2(w)], whose points lie in E⊆O by [F4], and G′ is continuous there hence integrable, so [L5] gives ∫γ1(w)γ2(w)H(w,t) dt=G(γ2(w))−G(γ1(w))=Rγ2(w)−Rγ1(w). If instead γ1(w)=γ2(w) then the interval is degenerate, so the integral is 0, and the increment Rγ2(w)−Rγ1(w) is also 0; the identity holds in that case too.

1.4givenF2F6L1L2L6

The functions Rγ1 and Rγ2 are continuous on the compact Jordan base D, hence bounded and integrable over D by [L6] and [F6]. By [L1] each Vj with j∈Σ+ is a bounded Jordan subset of D over which Rγ2 is integrable, and by [F2] those sets are pairwise disjoint — so their pairwise intersections are empty and have content zero — and their union omits from D only a set of content zero. So [L2] gives ∑j∈Σ+∫VjRγ2=∫DRγ2, and by [L1] the left side is the sum of the upper faces' fluxes.

1.5givenF2F6L1L2L6

The same argument applied to the lower sublist gives ∑j∈Σ−∫VjRγ1=∫DRγ1, and by [L1] each lower face's flux is −∫VjRγ1, so the lower faces' fluxes sum to −∫DRγ1.

2.1step 1.2step 1.3L3L6

By step 1.3 the inner integral in [L3] is Rγ2(w)−Rγ1(w) for every w∈D, a continuous function of w; so [L3] applied to H on K and step 1.2 give ∫E∂kR=∫KH=∫D(Rγ2−Rγ1)=∫DRγ2−∫DRγ1, the last step by linearity of the integral over D.

2.2step 1.1step 1.4step 1.5F1

By [F1] the flux over the presentation is the sum of the P patch fluxes, which splits along the three supplied sublists. Step 1.1 makes the lateral sum zero, step 1.4 makes the upper sum ∫DRγ2 and step 1.5 makes the lower sum −∫DRγ1, so the total is ∫DRγ2−∫DRγ1.

3.1step 2.1step 2.2∎

Steps 2.1 and 2.2 give the same number for the two sides of the asserted identity, so it holds.

Remarks

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