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Unit-slope torus knots are unknots

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice. If p,q are coprime nonzero integers and ∣p∣=1 or ∣q∣=1, then the oriented torus knot T(p,q) is ambient isotopic in S3 to the standard unknot with its standard orientation.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Countable Choice, coprime nonzero integers p,q, and ∣p∣=1 or ∣q∣=1.

[F1]

Coprime torus knot realizes T(p,q) as the primitive slope curve on the standard Heegaard torus, with the two coordinate circles bounding disks on opposite sides.

[F2]

Oriented connected sum and prime knot fixes the standard unknot as the standard oriented unit circle and uses orientation-preserving ambient isotopy for knot equivalence.

[F3]

The isotopy extension theorem extends a smooth isotopy of a compact embedded circle to an ambient isotopy of the surrounding smooth manifold.

[A1]

Countable Choice is the hypothesis of the torus-knot, unknot, and isotopy-extension interfaces (The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω)).

Proof

1.1A1F1construct

Suppose p=ε∈{1,−1}. Write the original oriented curve as K(s)=(re2πiεs,sin⁡θ0e2πiqs), where r=cos⁡θ0∈(0,1). Put θt=(1−t)θ0 and define Ht(s)=(cos⁡θte2πiεs,sin⁡θte2πiqs). Each Ht lies in S3; its first coordinate is an injective circle parameterization because ∣ε∣=1 and cos⁡θt>0, and the family is smooth including t=1. It begins with the given orientation and ends at the core circle with orientation sign ε.

1.2A1F1constructalgebra

If q=ε∈{1,−1}, the path (z1,z2)↦(cos⁡t z1+sin⁡t z2,−sin⁡t z1+cos⁡t z2), 0≤t≤π/2, lies in SO(4) and isotopes the identity to (z1,z2)↦(z2,−z1). The image of the curve is (sin⁡θ0e2πiεs,−re2πips). Let η0∈(0,π/2) satisfy cos⁡η0=sin⁡θ0 and sin⁡η0=r, put ηt=(1−t)η0, and use Ht(s)=(cos⁡ηte2πiεs,−sin⁡ηte2πips). Its first coordinate has winding ε=±1, so the family is a smooth isotopy through embeddings to the core with orientation sign ε. The initial coordinate rotation also preserves the knot orientation because it is an ambient isotopy.

2.1A1F2F3step 1.1step 1.2construct∎

By [F3], each smooth isotopy of the compact embedded circle constructed above extends to an ambient isotopy of S3. Its terminal core is the standard unknot, with orientation sign ε. If ε=−1, write zj=xj+iyj and define Rτ(x1,y1,x2,y2)=(x1,y1cos⁡τ+y2sin⁡τ,x2,−y1sin⁡τ+y2cos⁡τ). This is a rotation in the (y1,y2)-plane, so Rτ is an orientation-preserving isometry of S3 from the identity to Rπ(z1,z2)=(z‾1,z‾2). On the core, Rπ(e2πis,0)=(e−2πis,0), so this ambient isotopy reverses its orientation. In either sign case the original oriented curve is ambient isotopic to the standard oriented unknot.

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