How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
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Total linking is intersection with a spanning surface for a link
Statement
Assume full AC. Let be a nonempty smooth oriented link, let be a compact smooth oriented embedded surface with oriented boundary , and put . For each component , let be the positive meridian, oriented as the boundary of a small normal disk so that a positive tangent to followed by the disk's positive basis gives the ambient orientation. Alexander duality identifies with the free abelian group on . Define the total-linking homomorphism by . If a smooth oriented loop is transverse to the interior of , define its signed intersection number by counting when crosses from the negative to the positive side of the oriented normal of and for the reverse crossing. Then .
Statement references
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Full AC, a nonempty smooth oriented link , a compact oriented spanning surface with boundary , and a smooth loop in transverse to the interior of .
Full AC is the ambient choice hypothesis for the Alexander-duality convention. The Axiom of Choice
The link complement is connected, and Alexander duality identifies with on the positive meridian basis; total linking is the sum of the component coordinates. The complement of an oriented link is a connected smooth three-manifold, The one-variable Alexander module of an oriented link
Under full AC, relative Whitney approximation smooths continuous maps that are already smooth near a closed set while fixing a smaller neighbourhood of that set; full AC implies its hypothesis by AC implies DC implies countable choice. Reparametrizing a loop to be constant near its basepoint, or a homotopy to be constant on endpoint collars, creates such a region. Relative transversality then makes the map transverse to while fixing a smaller collar. The submanifold is closed in . Relative Whitney approximation for manifold-valued maps, The transversality homotopy theorem, Relative transversality preserves a map on a closed good region
The degree-one Hurewicz map sends onto and factors through abelianization. The first Hurewicz map is abelianization
Proof
Given: Full AC, , , , , and the conventions of the Statement.
Choose a basepoint , which exists on a local side of any interior point of . Represent any class of by a continuous based loop, reparametrize it to be constant near the basepoint, and apply relative Whitney approximation followed by relative transversality from [F2]. This gives a smooth based representative transverse to , still constant near . Define on that class to be its signed intersection count. If two such loops are homotopic in , reparametrize the homotopy to be constant on endpoint collars. It is then smooth on a neighbourhood of the closed collars, so [F2] smooths it relative to a smaller collar and makes it transverse to . The inverse image of is a compact oriented one-manifold in the homotopy annulus; it is compact because the annulus image is disjoint from . Orient it using the orientations of the annulus and the normal of . Its oriented boundary signs at the two ends are the intersection signs of the endpoint loops with opposite signs on the two boundary circles. The total signed boundary count is zero, so the endpoint intersection counts agree. Concatenation adds counts, hence is a homomorphism.
Near a point of , choose oriented local coordinates in which is the -axis and is the half-plane , . The boundary orientation and the stated positive-meridian convention make ambient-positive. The small positive meridian crosses this half-plane exactly once, at for some , in the direction. Thus for every .
By [F3], this homomorphism factors through a homomorphism . The signed intersection convention in the Statement agrees with this induced map on the class represented by .
By [F1], the classes form a basis of . The homomorphisms and agree on every basis element by step 1.2 and [F1], so they are equal. Evaluating this equality on gives .
Depends on
- Oriented links in the three-sphere and ambient isotopy
- The complement of an oriented link is a connected smooth three-manifold
- The one-variable Alexander module of an oriented link
- The first Hurewicz map is abelianization
- The transversality homotopy theorem
- Relative transversality preserves a map on a closed good region
- Relative Whitney approximation for manifold-valued maps
- AC implies DC implies countable choice
- The Axiom of Choice
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
57 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Dale Rolfsen, Knots and Links (standard reference, not scraped)