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Wronskian of two jacobi fields is constant

Statement

Assume exactly the inherited Axiom of Countable Choice ACω, propagated through Algebraic symmetries of the Riemann tensor. Let (M,g) be a Riemannian manifold, let I be an interval with nonempty interior, let γ:I→M be an affinely parametrized geodesic, and let J,K be smooth Jacobi fields along γ. Then W(t):=g(DtJ(t),K(t))−g(J(t),DtK(t)) is constant on I. No completeness or unit-speed assumption is required. Included endpoints use the one-sided covariant derivatives in Covariant derivative along a curve and Jacobi field. Constant geodesics are included.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The inherited assumption is ACω; I is an interval with nonempty interior; γ is an affinely parametrized geodesic; and J,K are Jacobi fields along it.

[A1]

ACω is the Axiom of Countable Choice (The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω)).

[F1]

Each Jacobi field satisfies Dt2J+R(J,γ˙)γ˙=0, with the curvature sign fixed in Jacobi field.

[F2]

The curvature four-tensor is Rm⁡(X,Y,Z,W)=g(R(X,Y)Z,W) (Riemann curvature four-tensor).

[F3]

Pair interchange holds: Rm⁡(X,Y,Z,W)=−Rm⁡(Y,X,Z,W),Rm⁡(X,Y,Z,W)=−Rm⁡(X,Y,W,Z),Rm⁡(X,Y,Z,W)=Rm⁡(Z,W,X,Y). The symmetry theorem assumes and propagates ACω (Algebraic symmetries of the Riemann tensor).

[F4]

The Levi-Civita connection is metric compatible, so along a curve

ddtg(U,V)=g(DtU,V)+g(U,DtV)

for sections U,V of the pulled-back tangent bundle; in a local frame this is the metric-compatibility identity applied to the connection along γ (Levi civita connection, Metric compatible connection on a riemannian vector bundle, Covariant derivative along a curve).

[F5]

Dt is the covariant derivative along the given curve; it is defined for intervals with nonempty interior, with one-sided values at included endpoints (Covariant derivative along a curve).

[F6]

A continuous real function on an interval whose derivative vanishes at every interior point is constant on the whole interval (A function continuous on an interval I whose derivative vanishes at every interior point of I is constant on I; consequently two such functions with the same derivative differ by a constant).

[F7]

g is a symmetric inner product on each tangent space (Riemannian metric and riemannian manifold).

Proof

1.1F4F5

On the interior of I, apply [F4] to both terms of W; the mixed terms cancel and give W′=g(Dt2J,K)−g(J,Dt2K). The fields and connection are smooth, so W is continuous on I and differentiable in its interior.

2.1A1F1F2F3F7step 1.1

Put T=γ˙. By [F1], W′=−g(R(J,T)T,K)+g(J,R(K,T)T)=−Rm⁡(J,T,T,K)+Rm⁡(K,T,T,J), where [F7] reverses the metric arguments in the second term. Pair interchange and the two skew symmetries [F3] give Rm⁡(J,T,T,K)=Rm⁡(T,K,J,T)=−Rm⁡(T,K,T,J)=Rm⁡(K,T,T,J). Thus W′=0.

3.1A1F3F6step 1.1step 2.1∎

By step 1.1, W is continuous on I; step 2.1 gives zero derivative at every interior point. The interval form of [F6] therefore makes W constant on all of I, including any included endpoints. This also covers a constant geodesic, for which T=0 and the curvature terms vanish. Exactly ACω is inherited through [A1] and [F3]; the pointwise differentiation and scalar constancy argument make no further choice and use no full Axiom of Choice. The statement is not an iff claim.

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