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Under Dependent Choice, a nonempty complete metric space is not a countable union of closed sets with empty interior
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Dependent Choice (). If a nonempty metric space is complete, then it is not the union of a sequence of closed sets each having empty interior. Equivalently, the intersection of countably many open dense subsets of is dense.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The Axiom of Dependent Choice (), closed sets with empty interior, and a nonempty open set .
A complete metric space contains the limit of every Cauchy sequence (Complete metric space: every Cauchy sequence converges in the space).
Under the assumed Axiom of Dependent Choice, a recursively specified sequence of balls is permitted (The axiom of dependent choice: a relation in which every element is related to something admits an -indexed chain).
For every positive real number there is a reciprocal integer smaller than it (For every in a complete ordered field there is a natural with ).
Proof
If is empty the assertion is vacuous. Otherwise choose an open ball whose closure lies in ; this is possible because is open.
Given a nonempty open ball , its intersection with is nonempty because has empty interior. Choose an open ball with nonempty closure, , and radius below .
Dependent choice gives balls satisfying step 1.2 for every . Choose centres .
The nesting and the radius bound make Cauchy: for , both and lie in , so their distance is at most twice the radius of , which tends to zero.
Let , supplied by completeness [L1]. For every , the tail lies in the closed set , so .
Thus . Every nonempty open meets this complement, proving both stated formulations.
Depends on
- Complete metric space: every Cauchy sequence converges in the space
- The axiom of dependent choice: a relation in which every element is related to something admits an $\mathbb{N}$-indexed chain
- For every $\varepsilon > 0$ in a complete ordered field there is a natural $n \ge 1$ with $1/n < \varepsilon$
Used by
Dependency tree · next 3 levels
Direct dependencies and their dependencies through the next three levels: 50 results over 12 levels. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, and this result sits at the bottom with a heavier outline. Click the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Baire category theorem (standard reference, not scraped)