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TheoremStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)
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Conditional density formula

Statement

Let (E,S,μ) and (T,T,ν) be sigma-finite measure spaces. Let a joint probability λ on E×T have nonnegative product-measurable density p:E×T[0,] relative to μ×ν. A fixed probability ρ on (E,S) is supplied. Put m(y)=Ep(x,y)μ(dx),D={y:0<m(y)<}, K(y,A)={Ap(x,y)μ(dx)m(y),yD,ρ(A),yD.

Then K is an everywhere probability kernel from T to E. If β is the second marginal of λ, then β(D)=1 and λ(A×B)=BK(y,A)β(dy).

For any random elements X,Y with joint law λ, K(Y,) is a regular conditional distribution of X given σ(Y). These event identities require no AC. If interpreted with the library's conditional-expectation class existence convention, assume AC. Neither zero nor infinite marginal-density fibres are normalized by the displayed quotient.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The hypotheses and conventions in the statement.

[F1]

Probability-kernel sections must have mass one at every source point and measurable evaluations. Measure kernel and probability kernel.

[F2]

Nonnegative product-measurable functions on the stated sigma-finite spaces have measurable section integrals and equal iterated integrals. Tonelli's theorem for nonnegative measurable functions on a sigma-finite product.

[F3]

Each nonnegative measurable section density defines a measure. The indefinite integral of a nonnegative measurable function is a measure.

[F4]

All conditioning-event identities characterize a supplied RCD. Regular conditional distribution.

[F5]

Bounded measurable functions of Y integrate against its marginal. Change of variables for expectation.

[F6]

AC is only for the inherited conditional-class existence notation, not for the density construction with supplied rho. The Axiom of Choice.

[F7]

Integrating against a density measure equals integrating the product. Integrating against a density agrees with integrating the product.

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

By [F2], m is measurable and Tmdν=pd(μ×ν)=λ(E×T)=1. For each measurable B, apply [F2] to p1E×B to obtain β(B)=Bmdν. Put Z={m=0} and I={m=}. Then β(Z)=0. Also nν(I)mdν=1 for all n1, so ν(I)=0; the nonnegative integral over this measurable null set is zero, even though m is infinite there, giving β(I)=0. Therefore D=T(ZI) is measurable and has full marginal mass. No finite value of m at each point follows from total integrability.

F2
2.1

For AS, let aA(y)=Ap(x,y)μ(dx). Tonelli applied to p1A×T makes aA measurable. It satisfies 0aAm everywhere. On D both are finite and the denominator is positive, so aA/m is a measurable real function there; reciprocal and multiplication are continuous on this finite positive domain. Pasting the constant ρ(A) off D proves measurable evaluations of K. For each yD, [F2] ensures that p(,y) is measurable and [F3] makes AaA(y) a measure of mass m(y); dividing by this finite positive number gives a probability. Off D, K is the supplied probability ρ. This proves [F1], including the empty-event and whole-target evaluations.

step 1.1F1F2F3
3.1

For measurable A,B, the contribution of BD to the K-integral under β is zero because 0K1 and β(Dc)=0. On D the density conversion [F7] and β=mdν give BK(y,A)β(dy)=BDaA(y)m(y)m(y)ν(dy)=BDaA(y)ν(dy). On Z, aA=0 since aAm; on I its integral is zero because I is ν-null. Thus the last integral is BaAdν, which equals A×Bpd(μ×ν)=λ(A×B) by [F2]. All cancellation was restricted to finite positive m.

step 1.1step 2.1F2F7
4.1

If X,Y have joint law λ, [F5] applied to the bounded measurable function 1B(y)K(y,A) converts step 3.1 into {YB}K(Y,A)dP=P(XA,YB). The collection of inverse images Y1(B) is already a sigma-algebra and is exactly σ(Y). These are therefore all required conditioning events. Measurability and probability sections follow from step 2.1 under composition with Y, so [F4] proves the RCD assertion. The proof selected no points, versions or exhaustion: the sigma-finite measures, product density and filler probability are supplied. [F6] is required only when using the library conditional-class existence convention.

step 2.1step 3.1F4F5F6

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