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For a plane domain, the complement, homology, primitive, logarithm, conjugate, conformal, homotopy, and contractibility conditions are equivalent
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let be a complex domain. The following conditions are equivalent.
- is connected.
- is homologically simply connected.
- The fundamental group of is trivial.
- Every holomorphic function on has a primitive.
- For every holomorphic on and every closed rectifiable contour in ,
- Every nowhere-zero holomorphic function on has a holomorphic logarithm.
- Every nowhere-zero holomorphic function on has a holomorphic square root.
- Every harmonic function on has a harmonic conjugate.
- Either , or is conformally equivalent to .
- Either is homeomorphic to , or is homeomorphic to .
- is contractible.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The Axiom of Choice and a complex domain .
Condition 1 implies condition 2 and condition 2 implies condition 1 (A connected spherical complement forces every cycle in the domain to be null-homologous, A homologically simply connected plane domain has connected spherical complement).
The global Cauchy page already makes homological simple connectivity equivalent to the primitive clause, the holomorphic-logarithm clause, and the omitted-point primitive clause (Equivalent characterisations of a homologically simply connected domain, The global Cauchy equivalences give primitives, zero periods, and holomorphic logarithms, which in turn give holomorphic roots).
On a homologically simply connected domain every nowhere-zero holomorphic function has holomorphic roots of every positive order (A nonvanishing holomorphic function on such a domain has holomorphic roots of every positive order).
Homological simple connectivity is equivalent to the global harmonic-conjugate condition (A plane domain is homologically simply connected exactly when every harmonic function has a global conjugate).
Under the Axiom of Choice, homological simple connectivity implies the plane-or-disc alternative (A homologically simply connected plane domain is either the plane or conformally equivalent to the disc).
A domain homeomorphic to the plane or the disc is contractible (A plane domain homeomorphic to the plane or to the disc is contractible).
A contractible space has trivial fundamental group (A contractible space has trivial fundamental group).
Trivial fundamental group implies homological simple connectivity for plane domains (A plane domain with trivial fundamental group is homologically simply connected).
For a continuous function on a complex domain, having a primitive is equivalent to vanishing on every closed rectifiable contour (For a continuous function on a complex domain, endpoint independence, zero closed-contour integrals, and existence of a primitive are equivalent).
Every complex contour missing a point admits a continuous logarithm along that contour (Every contour missing a point admits a continuous logarithm, unique up to a constant in ).
For a closed contour and , one has and also for every continuous argument of along (The winding number of a closed contour about a point off its trace, The winding number is the increment of a continuous argument divided by ).
Proof
By [L1], conditions 1 and 2 are equivalent. By [L2], conditions 2, 4, and 6 are equivalent. By [L4], conditions 2 and 8 are equivalent. By [L9], conditions 4 and 5 are equivalent.
Condition 2 implies condition 7 by [L3]. Conversely, assume condition 7. Fix and a closed rectifiable contour . Applying condition 7 repeatedly to the nowhere-zero holomorphic function produces, for every , a nowhere-zero holomorphic function on with . By [L10], the closed contour admits a continuous logarithm ; write . Then is a continuous logarithm of along , so [L11] gives Applying [L11] again to shows that is an integer. Therefore The only integer divisible by every power of is , so . By [L11], this is equivalent to Since and were arbitrary and is continuous on , [L9] makes admit a primitive on . Thus condition 2 holds by [L2], and conditions 2 and 7 are equivalent.
Assume condition 2. By [L5], condition 9 follows. Any conformal equivalence is in particular a homeomorphism, so condition 9 implies condition 10. Then [L6] gives condition 11, [L7] gives condition 3, and [L8] returns to condition 2. Thus [L5, L6, L7, L8]
Steps 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 connect every listed clause to condition 2, so all eleven conditions are equivalent.
Depends on
- Equivalent characterisations of a homologically simply connected domain
- A plane domain with trivial fundamental group is homologically simply connected
- A connected spherical complement forces every cycle in the domain to be null-homologous
- A homologically simply connected plane domain has connected spherical complement
- A plane domain is homologically simply connected exactly when every harmonic function has a global conjugate
- A homologically simply connected plane domain is either the plane or conformally equivalent to the disc
- A plane domain homeomorphic to the plane or to the disc is contractible
- A contractible space has trivial fundamental group
- The global Cauchy equivalences give primitives, zero periods, and holomorphic logarithms, which in turn give holomorphic roots
- A nonvanishing holomorphic function on such a domain has holomorphic roots of every positive order
- For a continuous function on a complex domain, endpoint independence, zero closed-contour integrals, and existence of a primitive are equivalent
- Every contour missing a point admits a continuous logarithm, unique up to a constant in $2\pi i\mathbb{Z}$
- The winding number of a closed contour about a point off its trace
- The winding number is the increment of a continuous argument divided by $2\pi$
Used by
- Assuming the Axiom of Choice, a plane domain is simply connected exactly when its spherical complement is connected Corollary
- A round annulus is connected but not simply connected Counterexample
- The punctured disc is connected but not simply connected Counterexample
- Every convex plane domain is simply connected Example
- Every star-shaped plane domain is simply connected Example
- The complex plane satisfies all of the grand-equivalent simple connectivity clauses Example
- The unit disc satisfies all of the grand-equivalent simple connectivity clauses Example
- Once the cited Riemann mapping theorem is granted, the new bridge implications in the grand equivalence are choice-free Remark
- Under the grand theorem's Choice hypothesis, plane-domain simple connectivity means any grand-equivalent clause Remark
Dependency tree · two levels
77 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- L. V. Ahlfors, Complex Analysis, 3rd ed., Ch. 4, §§4.2-4.4 (standard reference, not scraped)
- E. Stein and R. Shakarchi, Complex Analysis, Ch. 3, §§5-6 (standard reference, not scraped)