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TheoremStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-08-31
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For a plane domain, the complement, homology, primitive, logarithm, conjugate, conformal, homotopy, and contractibility conditions are equivalent

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let Ω⊆C be a complex domain. The following conditions are equivalent.

  1. C^∖Ω is connected.
  2. Ω is homologically simply connected.
  3. The fundamental group of Ω is trivial.
  4. Every holomorphic function on Ω has a primitive.
  5. For every holomorphic f on Ω and every closed rectifiable contour γ in Ω, ∫γf(z) dz=0.
  6. Every nowhere-zero holomorphic function on Ω has a holomorphic logarithm.
  7. Every nowhere-zero holomorphic function on Ω has a holomorphic square root.
  8. Every harmonic function on Ω has a harmonic conjugate.
  9. Either Ω=C, or Ω is conformally equivalent to D.
  10. Either Ω is homeomorphic to C, or Ω is homeomorphic to D.
  11. Ω is contractible.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The Axiom of Choice and a complex domain Ω.

[L2]

The global Cauchy page already makes homological simple connectivity equivalent to the primitive clause, the holomorphic-logarithm clause, and the omitted-point primitive clause (Equivalent characterisations of a homologically simply connected domain, The global Cauchy equivalences give primitives, zero periods, and holomorphic logarithms, which in turn give holomorphic roots).

[L3]

On a homologically simply connected domain every nowhere-zero holomorphic function has holomorphic roots of every positive order (A nonvanishing holomorphic function on such a domain has holomorphic roots of every positive order).

[L4]

Homological simple connectivity is equivalent to the global harmonic-conjugate condition (A plane domain is homologically simply connected exactly when every harmonic function has a global conjugate).

[L5]

Under the Axiom of Choice, homological simple connectivity implies the plane-or-disc alternative (A homologically simply connected plane domain is either the plane or conformally equivalent to the disc).

[L6]

A domain homeomorphic to the plane or the disc is contractible (A plane domain homeomorphic to the plane or to the disc is contractible).

[L7]

A contractible space has trivial fundamental group (A contractible space has trivial fundamental group).

[L8]

Trivial fundamental group implies homological simple connectivity for plane domains (A plane domain with trivial fundamental group is homologically simply connected).

[L9]

For a continuous function on a complex domain, having a primitive is equivalent to vanishing on every closed rectifiable contour (For a continuous function on a complex domain, endpoint independence, zero closed-contour integrals, and existence of a primitive are equivalent).

[L10]

Every complex contour missing a point admits a continuous logarithm along that contour (Every contour missing a point admits a continuous logarithm, unique up to a constant in 2πiZ).

[L11]

For a closed contour γ and p∉γ∗, one has n(γ,p)=12πi∫γdzz−p, and also n(γ,p)=θ(b)−θ(a)2π for every continuous argument θ of γ−p along γ (The winding number of a closed contour about a point off its trace, The winding number is the increment of a continuous argument divided by 2π).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1L1L2L4L9

By [L1], conditions 1 and 2 are equivalent. By [L2], conditions 2, 4, and 6 are equivalent. By [L4], conditions 2 and 8 are equivalent. By [L9], conditions 4 and 5 are equivalent.

1.2L3L9L10L11algebra

Condition 2 implies condition 7 by [L3]. Conversely, assume condition 7. Fix p∈C∖Ω and a closed rectifiable contour γ:[a,b]→Ω. Applying condition 7 repeatedly to the nowhere-zero holomorphic function z↦z−p produces, for every m≥1, a nowhere-zero holomorphic function gm on Ω with gm2m=z−p. By [L10], the closed contour gm∘γ admits a continuous logarithm λm; write θm=Im⁡λm. Then 2mλm is a continuous logarithm of γ−p along γ, so [L11] gives n(γ,p)=2mθm(b)−θm(a)2π. Applying [L11] again to gm∘γ shows that (θm(b)−θm(a))/(2π) is an integer. Therefore n(γ,p)∈2mZ(m≥1). The only integer divisible by every power of 2 is 0, so n(γ,p)=0. By [L11], this is equivalent to ∫γdzz−p=0. Since p and γ were arbitrary and z↦1/(z−p) is continuous on Ω, [L9] makes 1/(z−p) admit a primitive on Ω. Thus condition 2 holds by [L2], and conditions 2 and 7 are equivalent.

1.3

Assume condition 2. By [L5], condition 9 follows. Any conformal equivalence is in particular a homeomorphism, so condition 9 implies condition 10. Then [L6] gives condition 11, [L7] gives condition 3, and [L8] returns to condition 2. Thus [L5, L6, L7, L8] 2⇒9⇒10⇒11⇒3⇒2.

2.1step 1.1step 1.2step 1.3∎

Steps 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 connect every listed clause to condition 2, so all eleven conditions are equivalent.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

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Sources