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A nonvanishing holomorphic function on such a domain has holomorphic roots of every positive order

Statement

Let Ω be a homologically simply connected complex domain, let f:ΩC be holomorphic and nowhere zero, and let m be a natural number with m1. Then there is a holomorphic, nowhere-zero q:ΩC with

q(z)m=f(z)(zΩ).

One such q is exp(L/m) for any holomorphic logarithm L of f; replacing L by another holomorphic logarithm of f multiplies q by an mth root of unity.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A homologically simply connected complex domain Ω, a holomorphic nowhere-zero f:ΩC, and a natural m1.

[L1]

On a homologically simply connected complex domain, a holomorphic nowhere-zero f admits a holomorphic L with expL=f, and any two such differ by a constant in 2πiZ (A nonvanishing holomorphic function on a homologically simply connected domain has a holomorphic logarithm, Homologically simply connected complex domains).

[L2]

exp(z+w)=expzexpw for all complex z,w (exp(z+w)=expzexpw, and the complex exponential extends the real exponential).

[L3]

The complex exponential is entire with exp=exp (The complex exponential is entire and its complex derivative is itself).

[L4]

The composite of functions complex differentiable at the relevant points is complex differentiable, with (gf)(a)=g(f(a))f(a) (The chain rule for complex derivatives); constant multiples of complex differentiable functions are complex differentiable (Linearity, product, reciprocal, and quotient rules for complex derivatives).

[L5]

For a natural m1, the mth roots of unity are exactly the numbers exp(2πik/m) for natural k with 0k<m (The n-th roots of a complex number and the n distinct roots of unity for every n1).

[L6]

Natural powers satisfy z0=1 and zj+1=zjz (Integer powers in the complex field).

[L7]

If a property holds at 0 and passes from j to j+1, it holds for every natural number (The principle of mathematical induction).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

By [L1] fix a holomorphic L on Ω with expL=f, and put q=exp(L/m), which is holomorphic on Ω by [L3] and [L4].

givenL1L3L4
1.2

The exponential never vanishes, since expv=eRev>0 by [L8]; so q is nowhere zero.

L8
2.1

An induction on j ([L7]) using [L2] and [L6] gives exp(v)j=exp(jv) for every complex v and every natural j, the case j=0 reading 1=exp(0). Taking j=m and v=L(z)/m gives q(z)m=exp(L(z))=f(z).

step 1.1L2L6L7
3.1

If L1 is another holomorphic logarithm of f then L1=L+2πik for a fixed integer k by [L1] and [L9], so exp(L1/m)=exp(L/m)exp(2πik/m) by [L2], and exp(2πik/m) is an mth root of unity by [L5].

step 1.1step 2.1L1L2L5L9

Depends on

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