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A nonvanishing holomorphic function on a homologically simply connected domain has a holomorphic logarithm
Statement
Let be a homologically simply connected complex domain and let be holomorphic and nowhere zero. Then there is a holomorphic with
and any two such functions differ by a constant lying in .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A homologically simply connected complex domain and a holomorphic nowhere-zero .
Every holomorphic function on a homologically simply connected complex domain has a primitive there (Every holomorphic function on a homologically simply connected domain has a primitive), that is a holomorphic with equal to the function (A primitive of a complex function on an open set).
The complex exponential maps onto (The complex exponential maps onto ).
The complex exponential is entire with (The complex exponential is entire and its complex derivative is itself).
If is complex differentiable at and at , then (The chain rule for complex derivatives).
Linear combinations, products and nonvanishing quotients of functions complex differentiable at a point are complex differentiable there, with the usual formulas (Linearity, product, reciprocal, and quotient rules for complex derivatives).
If is a complex domain and is holomorphic with , then is constant on (A holomorphic function with zero derivative on a domain is constant).
, and exactly when (, and exactly when ).
Every holomorphic function has complex derivatives of all natural orders locally (All higher complex derivatives exist and satisfy Cauchy's integral formula on an interior circle); a complex differentiable function is continuous (Complex differentiability at a point implies continuity there).
The continuous image of a connected subset is connected (A continuous image of a connected space is connected, and connectedness is a topological property), and a connected subset of is order-convex (The connected subspaces of with its usual topology are exactly the order-convex subsets, the published characterisation transported by the identification of the two descriptions of "open in ").
A complex domain is a nonempty, connected, open subset of (A complex domain is a nonempty connected open subset of ), and a homologically simply connected domain is such a domain in which every cycle is null-homologous (Homologically simply connected complex domains).
For with real, and (Real and imaginary parts, complex conjugation, and modulus); the integers form an ordered commutative ring and are discrete in , so if then lies strictly between them and is not an integer (The integers form a commutative ring, The integers form a totally ordered ring, Integer part: for every real there is exactly one integer with ).
For real , (, , and ).
for all complex , hence (, and the complex exponential extends the real exponential).
Proof
By [L8] the derivative is holomorphic on , and is nowhere zero, so the logarithmic derivative is holomorphic on by [L5].
Fix , which is nonempty by [L10]. Since , [L2] gives with .
By [L1] the function of step 1.1 has a primitive on ; put , so that is holomorphic with and .
The function is holomorphic on by [L3], [L4] and [L5], and throughout ; so is a constant by [L6] and [L10].
Evaluating at gives that constant: by step 1.2 and [L13], so on and has the required property.
If are holomorphic on with , then takes values in by [L7]; it is continuous by [L8], so is a continuous integer-valued real function by [L11] and [L12], and [L9] with [L10] and [L11] forces it to be constant on the connected . Hence is a constant in .
Depends on
- Every holomorphic function on a homologically simply connected domain has a primitive
- Homologically simply connected complex domains
- The complex exponential maps $\mathbb C$ onto $\mathbb C\setminus\{0\}$
- The complex exponential is entire and its complex derivative is itself
- The chain rule for complex derivatives
- Linearity, product, reciprocal, and quotient rules for complex derivatives
- A holomorphic function with zero derivative on a domain is constant
- $\ker(\exp)=2\pi i\mathbb Z$, and $\exp z=\exp w$ exactly when $z-w\in2\pi i\mathbb Z$
- All higher complex derivatives exist and satisfy Cauchy's integral formula on an interior circle
- A continuous image of a connected space is connected, and connectedness is a topological property
- The connected subspaces of $\mathbb{R}$ with its usual topology are exactly the order-convex subsets, the published characterisation transported by the identification of the two descriptions of "open in $\mathbb{R}$"
- Complex differentiability at a point implies continuity there
- A complex domain is a nonempty connected open subset of $\mathbb C$
- A primitive of a complex function on an open set
- Real and imaginary parts, complex conjugation, and modulus
- The integers as equivalence classes of pairs of naturals
- The integers form a commutative ring
- The integers form a totally ordered ring
- Integer part: for every real $x$ there is exactly one integer $m$ with $m \le x < m + 1$
- $\exp(x+iy)=e^x(\cos y+i\sin y)$, $|\exp(x+iy)|=e^x$, and $e^{i\pi}+1=0$
- $\exp(z+w)=\exp z\,\exp w$, and the complex exponential extends the real exponential
Used by
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Sources
- L. V. Ahlfors, Complex Analysis, 3rd ed., Ch. 4 §4.4 (standard reference, not scraped)
- J. Lebl, Complex Analysis, Ch. 4 §4.3 (standard reference, not scraped)