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A nonvanishing holomorphic function on a homologically simply connected domain has a holomorphic logarithm

Statement

Let Ω be a homologically simply connected complex domain and let f:ΩC be holomorphic and nowhere zero. Then there is a holomorphic L:ΩC with

exp(L(z))=f(z)(zΩ),

and any two such functions differ by a constant lying in 2πiZ.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A homologically simply connected complex domain Ω and a holomorphic nowhere-zero f:ΩC.

[L1]

Every holomorphic function on a homologically simply connected complex domain has a primitive there (Every holomorphic function on a homologically simply connected domain has a primitive), that is a holomorphic F with F equal to the function (A primitive of a complex function on an open set).

[L2]

The complex exponential maps C onto C{0} (The complex exponential maps C onto C{0}).

[L3]

The complex exponential is entire with exp=exp (The complex exponential is entire and its complex derivative is itself).

[L4]

If f is complex differentiable at a and g at f(a), then (gf)(a)=g(f(a))f(a) (The chain rule for complex derivatives).

[L5]

Linear combinations, products and nonvanishing quotients of functions complex differentiable at a point are complex differentiable there, with the usual formulas (Linearity, product, reciprocal, and quotient rules for complex derivatives).

[L6]

If U is a complex domain and g:UC is holomorphic with g0, then g is constant on U (A holomorphic function with zero derivative on a domain is constant).

[L7]

ker(exp)=2πiZ, and expz=expw exactly when zw2πiZ (ker(exp)=2πiZ, and expz=expw exactly when zw2πiZ).

[L8]

Every holomorphic function has complex derivatives of all natural orders locally (All higher complex derivatives exist and satisfy Cauchy's integral formula on an interior circle); a complex differentiable function is continuous (Complex differentiability at a point implies continuity there).

[L10]

A complex domain is a nonempty, connected, open subset of C (A complex domain is a nonempty connected open subset of C), and a homologically simply connected domain is such a domain in which every cycle is null-homologous (Homologically simply connected complex domains).

[L11]

For z=a+bi with a,b real, Imz=b and z=a2+b2 (Real and imaginary parts, complex conjugation, and modulus); the integers form an ordered commutative ring and are discrete in R, so if m<n then m+12 lies strictly between them and is not an integer (The integers form a commutative ring, The integers form a totally ordered ring, Integer part: for every real x there is exactly one integer m with mx<m+1).

[L13]

exp(z+w)=expzexpw for all complex z,w, hence exp(w)exp(w)=1 (exp(z+w)=expzexpw, and the complex exponential extends the real exponential).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

By [L8] the derivative f is holomorphic on Ω, and f is nowhere zero, so the logarithmic derivative f/f is holomorphic on Ω by [L5].

givenL5L8
1.2

Fix z0Ω, which is nonempty by [L10]. Since f(z0)0, [L2] gives w0C with exp(w0)=f(z0).

givenL2L10
2.1

By [L1] the function f/f of step 1.1 has a primitive G on Ω; put F=GG(z0)+w0, so that F is holomorphic with F=f/f and F(z0)=w0.

step 1.1step 1.2L1L5
3.1

The function u=fexp(F) is holomorphic on Ω by [L3], [L4] and [L5], and u=fexp(F)fFexp(F)=(ff(f/f))exp(F)=0 throughout Ω; so u is a constant by [L6] and [L10].

step 2.1L3L4L5L6L10
4.1

Evaluating at z0 gives that constant: u(z0)=f(z0)exp(w0)=exp(w0)exp(w0)=1 by step 1.2 and [L13], so f=exp(F) on Ω and L=F has the required property.

step 1.2step 2.1step 3.1L13
5.1

If L1,L2 are holomorphic on Ω with expL1=expL2=f, then L1L2 takes values in 2πiZ by [L7]; it is continuous by [L8], so Im(L1L2)/(2π) is a continuous integer-valued real function by [L11] and [L12], and [L9] with [L10] and [L11] forces it to be constant on the connected Ω. Hence L1L2 is a constant in 2πiZ.

step 4.1L7L8L9L10L11L12

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