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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-09-04
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The Riemann xi function has its genus-one Hadamard product over the nontrivial zeros of zeta

Statement

There exist constants A,BC such that

ξ(s)=eA+BsρE1(s/ρ),

where the product runs over the nontrivial zeros ρ of ζ, counted with multiplicity, and

E1(w)=(1w)ew.

The product converges in the genus-one canonical sense.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The xi function and its growth.

[L2]

Hadamard factorization for an entire function of order ρ uses the canonical factors Eρ (Hadamard factorization for finite-order entire functions).

[L3]

The only zeros of zeta outside the critical strip are the trivial zeros 2,4, (The only zeros of zeta on the nonpositive real axis are the negative even integers, and every other zero lies in the open critical strip).

[L4]

The completed-function theorem gives the split formula Λ(s)=1s(s1)+H(s), with H entire and Λ(s)=Λ(1s) (The completed zeta function satisfies Λ(s)=Λ(1s)).

[L5]

The xi function is ξ(s)=12s(s1)Λ(s) (The Riemann xi function ξ(s)=12s(s1)Λ(s)).

[L6]

Zeta has no zeros on Res>1 (The Riemann zeta function has no zeros when Res>1).

[L7]

Gamma is meromorphic on C with poles only at the nonpositive integers (Meromorphic continuation of Gamma).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

By [L1], xi is entire of finite order 1. Applying [L2] with ρ=1 therefore yields constants A,BC such that ξ(s)=eA+BsρE1(s/ρ), where the product runs over the zeros ρ of xi, counted with multiplicity.

L1L2givenconstruct
1.2

By [L5] and [L4], ξ(s)=12+12s(s1)H(s). Hence ξ(0)=ξ(1)=1/2, so neither 0 nor 1 is a zero of xi. Now fix m1. The symmetry from [L4] and [L5] gives ξ(2m)=ξ(1+2m). Since 1+2m>1, [L6] gives ζ(1+2m)0, and [L7] shows that Γ((1+2m)/2) is finite because (1+2m)/2 is not a nonpositive integer. The scalar factor 12(1+2m)(2m) is also nonzero, so [L5] gives ξ(1+2m)0, hence ξ(2m)0. Together with [L3], this shows that the zeros of xi are exactly the nontrivial zeros of zeta.

L3L4L5L6L7algebra
2.1

Replacing the zero set {ρ} in step 1.1 by the nontrivial zeros of zeta from step 1.2 gives the announced product. The phrase "genus-one canonical sense" is exactly the convergence prescription supplied by [L2] for an order-one entire function.

step 1.1step 1.2L2algebra

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