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The Riemann xi function has its genus-one Hadamard product over the nontrivial zeros of zeta

Statement

Assume countable choice.

There exist constants A,B∈C such that

ξ(s)=eA+Bs∏ρE1(s/ρ),

where the product runs over the nontrivial zeros ρ of ζ, counted with multiplicity, and

E1(w)=(1−w)ew.

The product converges in the genus-one canonical sense.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Countable choice, the xi function and its growth.

[L2]

Hadamard factorization for an entire function of order ρ uses the canonical factors E⌊ρ⌋ (Hadamard factorization for finite-order entire functions).

[L3]

The only zeros of zeta outside the critical strip are the trivial zeros −2,−4,… (The only zeros of zeta on the nonpositive real axis are the negative even integers, and every other zero lies in the open critical strip).

[L4]

The completed-function theorem gives the split formula Λ(s)=1s(s−1)+H(s), with H entire and Λ(s)=Λ(1−s) (The completed zeta function satisfies Λ(s)=Λ(1−s)).

[L5]

The xi function is ξ(s)=12s(s−1)Λ(s) (The Riemann xi function ξ(s)=12s(s−1)Λ(s)).

[L6]

Zeta has no zeros on Re⁡s>1 (The Riemann zeta function has no zeros when Re⁡s>1).

[L7]

Gamma is meromorphic on C with poles only at the nonpositive integers (Meromorphic continuation of Gamma).

[L8]

Gamma has no zeros (Gamma has no zeros).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1L1L2givenconstruct

By [L1], xi is entire of finite order 1. Applying [L2] with ρ=1 therefore yields constants A,B∈C such that ξ(s)=eA+Bs∏ρ′E1(s/ρ′), where the product runs over the zeros ρ′ of xi, counted with multiplicity.

1.2L3L4L5L6L7L8algebra

By [L5] and [L4], ξ(s)=12+12s(s−1)H(s). Hence ξ(0)=ξ(1)=1/2, so neither 0 nor 1 is a zero of xi. Now fix m≥1. The symmetry from [L4] and [L5] gives ξ(−2m)=ξ(1+2m). Since 1+2m>1, [L6] gives ζ(1+2m)≠0, and [L7] and [L8] show that Γ((1+2m)/2) is finite and nonzero. The scalar factor 12(1+2m)(2m) is also nonzero, so [L5] gives ξ(1+2m)≠0, hence ξ(−2m)≠0. At each remaining nontrivial point s of the critical strip, s(s−1)π−s/2Γ(s/2) is finite and nonzero by [L7] and [L8], so xi and zeta have the same zero multiplicity. Together with [L3], this shows that the zeros of xi are exactly the nontrivial zeros of zeta, with multiplicity.

2.1step 1.1step 1.2L2algebra∎

Replacing the zero set {ρ′} in step 1.1 by the nontrivial zeros of zeta from step 1.2 gives the announced product. The phrase "genus-one canonical sense" is exactly the convergence prescription supplied by [L2] for an order-one entire function.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

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Sources