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The Riemann xi function has its genus-one Hadamard product over the nontrivial zeros of zeta
Statement
There exist constants such that
where the product runs over the nontrivial zeros of , counted with multiplicity, and
The product converges in the genus-one canonical sense.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The xi function and its growth.
The xi function is entire of order (The Riemann xi function is entire of order one, real on the real axis, and symmetric under ).
Hadamard factorization for an entire function of order uses the canonical factors (Hadamard factorization for finite-order entire functions).
The only zeros of zeta outside the critical strip are the trivial zeros (The only zeros of zeta on the nonpositive real axis are the negative even integers, and every other zero lies in the open critical strip).
The completed-function theorem gives the split formula with entire and (The completed zeta function satisfies ).
The xi function is (The Riemann xi function ).
Zeta has no zeros on (The Riemann zeta function has no zeros when ).
Gamma is meromorphic on with poles only at the nonpositive integers (Meromorphic continuation of Gamma).
Proof
By [L1], xi is entire of finite order . Applying [L2] with therefore yields constants such that where the product runs over the zeros of xi, counted with multiplicity.
By [L5] and [L4], Hence , so neither nor is a zero of xi. Now fix . The symmetry from [L4] and [L5] gives Since , [L6] gives , and [L7] shows that is finite because is not a nonpositive integer. The scalar factor is also nonzero, so [L5] gives , hence . Together with [L3], this shows that the zeros of xi are exactly the nontrivial zeros of zeta.
Replacing the zero set in step 1.1 by the nontrivial zeros of zeta from step 1.2 gives the announced product. The phrase "genus-one canonical sense" is exactly the convergence prescription supplied by [L2] for an order-one entire function.
Depends on
- The Riemann xi function $\xi(s)=\tfrac12 s(s-1)\Lambda(s)$
- The Riemann xi function is entire of order one, real on the real axis, and symmetric under $s\mapsto1-s$
- Hadamard factorization for finite-order entire functions
- The only zeros of zeta on the nonpositive real axis are the negative even integers, and every other zero lies in the open critical strip
- The completed zeta function satisfies $\Lambda(s)=\Lambda(1-s)$
- The Riemann zeta function has no zeros when $\operatorname{Re}s>1$
- Meromorphic continuation of Gamma
Used by
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Sources
- K. Chandrasekharan, Lectures on the Riemann Zeta-Function, Lecture 13 §8, Theorem 4 (standard reference, not scraped)