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The Riemann xi function is entire of order one, real on the real axis, and symmetric under s↦1−s

Statement

Assume countable choice.

The function

ξ(s)=12s(s−1)π−s/2Γ(s/2)ζ(s)

extends to an entire function of order 1. It satisfies

ξ(s)=ξ(1−s),

and ξ(x)∈R for every real x.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Countable choice and the completed function on Re⁡s>1.

[L1]

On Re⁡s>1, the xi function is ξ(s)=12s(s−1)Λ(s) (The Riemann xi function ξ(s)=12s(s−1)Λ(s)).

[L2]

The theta function is θ(t)=1+2∑n≥1e−πn2t; under countable choice it satisfies θ(t)=t−1/2θ(1/t) (The Jacobi theta function θ(t)=∑n∈Ze−πn2t for t>0, The Jacobi theta function satisfies θ(t)=t−1/2θ(1/t)).

[L3]

For Re⁡s>1, Λ(s)=12∫0∞(θ(t)−1)ts/2−1 dt (The completed zeta function has its Mellin-theta integral representation on Re⁡s>1).

[L4]

Stirling's formula gives Γ(z)=2π zz−1/2e−z(1+O(∣z∣−1)) uniformly on closed sectors away from the negative real axis (Stirling's formula for Gamma).

[L5]

For Re⁡s>1, one has ζ(s)=∑n≥1n−s (The Riemann zeta function on the half-plane Re⁡s>1).

[A1]

If two entire functions agree on a set with an accumulation point, then they agree everywhere.

Proof

technique · direct
1.1givenL1L2L3algebra

Split the Mellin integral [L3] at 1 and apply the theta relation [L2] on (0,1). Changing variables u=1/t gives Λ(s)=1s(s−1)+H(s),H(s)=12∫1∞(θ(t)−1)(ts/2−1+t−s/2−1/2)dt. For t≥1, [L2] gives 0≤θ(t)−1≤2e−πt/(1−e−πt), so the integral converges locally uniformly for all s∈C and H is entire. The formula continues Λ meromorphically with simple poles at 0,1 and is invariant under s↦1−s, since its two integrand powers are exchanged. By [L1], ξ(s)=12s(s−1)Λ(s) therefore extends to an entire function and satisfies ξ(s)=ξ(1−s).

1.2L1L5A1algebra

For real x>1, the Dirichlet series in [L5] is a sum of positive real terms, so ζ(x)∈R. The remaining factors in [L1] are also real there, hence ξ(x)∈R for all x>1. Therefore the entire functions s↦ξ(s) and s↦ξ(s‾)‾ agree on (1,∞), so [A1] makes them equal on all of C. In particular ξ(x) is real for every real x.

2.1step 1.1L1L4L5algebra

On the half-plane Re⁡s≥2, [L5] gives ∣ζ(s)∣≤∑n≥1n−2. Applying [L4] to z=s/2 on that sector shows ∣Γ(s/2)∣≤exp⁡(C∣s∣log⁡(2+∣s∣)) for some constant C, hence [L1] gives ∣ξ(s)∣≤exp⁡(C1∣s∣log⁡(2+∣s∣))(Re⁡s≥2). By the symmetry from step 1.1, the same bound holds on Re⁡s≤−1. On the strip −1≤Re⁡s≤2, the split formula in step 1.1 gives ξ(s)=12+14s(s−1)∫1∞(θ(t)−1)(ts/2−1+t−s/2−1/2) dt. For t≥1 and −1≤Re⁡s≤2, both powers of t have modulus at most 1, while θ(t)−1 decays exponentially in t. Hence the integral is uniformly bounded on the strip, so ∣ξ(s)∣≤C2(1+∣s∣2) there. Therefore the same exponential bound holds on all of C, and ξ has order at most 1.

3.1step 2.1L1L4L5algebra∎

Along the positive real axis, ζ(r)→1 as r→∞ by [L5], so [L1] and [L4] give log⁡∣ξ(r)∣=r2log⁡r+O(r)(r→∞). Thus log⁡log⁡Mξ(r)≥log⁡log⁡∣ξ(r)∣=log⁡r+o(log⁡r), which rules out order smaller than 1. Combining this with step 2.1 shows that ξ has order exactly 1.

Depends on

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