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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-04
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The Riemann xi function is entire of order one, real on the real axis, and symmetric under s1s

Statement

The function

ξ(s)=12s(s1)πs/2Γ(s/2)ζ(s)

extends to an entire function of order 1. It satisfies

ξ(s)=ξ(1s),

and ξ(x)R for every real x.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The completed function and its symmetry.

[L1]

The xi function is ξ(s)=12s(s1)Λ(s) (The Riemann xi function ξ(s)=12s(s1)Λ(s)).

[L3]

The completed function has simple poles at 0 and 1 and satisfies Λ(s)=Λ(1s) (The completed zeta function satisfies Λ(s)=Λ(1s)).

[L4]

Stirling's formula gives Γ(z)=2πzz1/2ez(1+O(z1)) uniformly on closed sectors away from the negative real axis (Stirling's formula for Gamma).

[L5]

For Res>1, one has ζ(s)=n1ns (The Riemann zeta function on the half-plane Res>1).

[A1]

If two entire functions agree on a set with an accumulation point, then they agree everywhere.

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

By [L3], Λ has simple poles at 0 and 1. Multiplying by 12s(s1) in [L1] cancels exactly those poles, so ξ is entire. The same two facts give ξ(1s)=12(1s)(s)Λ(1s)=12s(s1)Λ(s)=ξ(s).

L1L3givenalgebra
1.2

For real x>1, the Dirichlet series in [L5] is a sum of positive real terms, so ζ(x)R. The remaining factors in [L1] are also real there, hence ξ(x)R for all x>1. Therefore the entire functions sξ(s) and sξ(s) agree on (1,), so [A1] makes them equal on all of C. In particular ξ(x) is real for every real x.

L1L5A1algebra
2.1

On the half-plane Res2, [L5] gives ζ(s)n1n2. Applying [L4] to z=s/2 on that sector shows Γ(s/2)exp(Cslog(2+s)) for some constant C, hence [L1] gives ξ(s)exp(C1slog(2+s))(Res2). By the symmetry from step 1.1, the same bound holds on Res1. On the strip 1Res2, the explicit split formula in [L3] gives ξ(s)=12+14s(s1)1(θ(t)1)(ts/21+ts/21/2)dt. For t1 and 1Res2, both powers of t have modulus at most 1, while θ(t)1 decays exponentially in t. Hence the integral is uniformly bounded on the strip, so ξ(s)C2(1+s2) there. Therefore the same exponential bound holds on all of C, and ξ has order at most 1.

step 1.1L1L3L4L5algebra
3.1

Along the positive real axis, ζ(r)1 as r by [L5], so [L1] and [L4] give logξ(r)=r2logr+O(r)(r). Thus loglogMξ(r)loglogξ(r)=logr+o(logr), which rules out order smaller than 1. Combining this with step 2.1 shows that ξ has order exactly 1.

step 2.1L1L4L5algebra

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