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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-generatedverified 2026-09-26 (gpt-6-sol)
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The Riemann zeta function extends meromorphically to the complex plane with its only pole at 1

Statement

Assume countable choice. There is a meromorphic function on C, still denoted ζ, that agrees with the Dirichlet series on Re⁡s>1. This continuation is holomorphic on C∖{1} and has a single simple pole at s=1, of residue 1.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Countable choice and the completed function Λ(s)=π−s/2Γ(s/2)ζ(s) on Re⁡s>1.

[A2]

Countable choice is The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω); it is required by the theta transformation [L2] used in step 1.1.

[L1]

On Re⁡s>0, zeta already has the fractional-part formula and only a simple residue-one pole at 1 (For Re⁡s>0, zeta admits the fractional-part integral formula with a simple residue-one pole at 1).

[L2]

Assuming countable choice, the theta transformation is θ(t)=t−1/2θ(1/t)(t>0) (The Jacobi theta function satisfies θ(t)=t−1/2θ(1/t)).

[L3]

On Re⁡s>1, Λ(s)=12∫0∞(θ(t)−1)ts/2−1 dt (The completed zeta function has its Mellin-theta integral representation on Re⁡s>1).

[L4]

The symbol Λ(s) denotes π−s/2Γ(s/2)ζ(s) (The completed zeta function Λ(s)=π−s/2Γ(s/2)ζ(s)).

[L5]

Gamma extends meromorphically to C and has simple poles at the nonpositive integers (Meromorphic continuation of Gamma).

[L6]

Gamma has no zeros on C (Gamma has no zeros).

[A1]

Two meromorphic functions on a connected domain that agree on a nonempty open subset agree everywhere on that domain.

Proof

technique · direct
1.1givenA2L2L3algebra

On Re⁡s>1, split the integral in [L3] at 1. Under [A2], using [L2] on (0,1) and the change of variables u=1/t gives Λ(s)=1s(s−1)+12∫1∞(θ(t)−1)(ts/2−1+t−(s+1)/2) dt.

2.1step 1.1L2algebra

For t≥1, [L2] and the definition of θ give 0<θ(t)−1=2∑n≥1e−πn2t≤2∑n≥1e−πnt=2e−πt1−e−πt. Hence the integral in step 1.1 converges absolutely and locally uniformly for every s∈C, because the powers of t contribute only polynomial growth while the right-hand side decays exponentially. Therefore H(s):=12∫1∞(θ(t)−1)(ts/2−1+t−(s+1)/2) dt is entire, and step 1.1 shows that Λ(s)=1/(s(s−1))+H(s) is meromorphic on C with at most simple poles at 0 and 1.

3.1step 2.1L1L4L5L6A1algebra∎

By [L5] and [L6], 1/Γ(s/2) is entire, with a simple zero at s=0 and zeros only at the negative even integers. Thus ζ~(s):=πs/2Λ(s)/Γ(s/2) is meromorphic on C. On Re⁡s>1, [L4] makes ζ~(s)=ζ(s). By [A1], this is the unique meromorphic continuation of zeta. The zero of 1/Γ(s/2) cancels the pole of Λ at 0, and no further poles are introduced at the negative even integers. Since [L1] already shows that zeta is holomorphic on Re⁡s>0 away from 1, the only pole of the continuation is the simple residue-one pole at s=1.

Depends on

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