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The Riemann zeta function extends meromorphically to the complex plane with its only pole at 1

Statement

There is a meromorphic function on C, still denoted ζ, that agrees with the Dirichlet series on Res>1. This continuation is holomorphic on C{1} and has a single simple pole at s=1, of residue 1.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The completed function Λ(s)=πs/2Γ(s/2)ζ(s) on Res>1.

[L1]

On Res>0, zeta already has the fractional-part formula and only a simple residue-one pole at 1 (For Res>0, zeta admits the fractional-part integral formula with a simple residue-one pole at 1).

[L2]

The theta transformation is θ(t)=t1/2θ(1/t)(t>0) (The Jacobi theta function satisfies θ(t)=t1/2θ(1/t)).

[L3]

On Res>1, Λ(s)=120(θ(t)1)ts/21dt (The completed zeta function has its Mellin-theta integral representation on Res>1).

[L4]

The symbol Λ(s) denotes πs/2Γ(s/2)ζ(s) (The completed zeta function Λ(s)=πs/2Γ(s/2)ζ(s)).

[L5]

Gamma extends meromorphically to C and has simple poles at the nonpositive integers (Meromorphic continuation of Gamma).

[L6]

Gamma has no zeros on C (Gamma has no zeros).

[A1]

Two meromorphic functions on a connected domain that agree on a nonempty open subset agree everywhere on that domain.

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

On Res>1, split the integral in [L3] at 1. Using [L2] on (0,1) and the change of variables u=1/t gives Λ(s)=1s(s1)+121(θ(t)1)(ts/21+t(s+1)/2)dt.

givenL2L3algebra
2.1

For t1, [L2] and the definition of θ give 0<θ(t)1=2n1eπn2t2n1eπnt=2eπt1eπt. Hence the integral in step 1.1 converges absolutely and locally uniformly for every sC, because the powers of t contribute only polynomial growth while the right-hand side decays exponentially. Therefore H(s):=121(θ(t)1)(ts/21+t(s+1)/2)dt is entire, and step 1.1 shows that Λ(s)=1/(s(s1))+H(s) is meromorphic on C with at most simple poles at 0 and 1.

step 1.1L2algebra
3.1

By [L5] and [L6], 1/Γ(s/2) is entire, with a simple zero at s=0 and zeros only at the negative even integers. Thus ζ~(s):=πs/2Λ(s)/Γ(s/2) is meromorphic on C. On Res>1, [L4] makes ζ~(s)=ζ(s). By [A1], this is the unique meromorphic continuation of zeta. The zero of 1/Γ(s/2) cancels the pole of Λ at 0, and no further poles are introduced at the negative even integers. Since [L1] already shows that zeta is holomorphic on Res>0 away from 1, the only pole of the continuation is the simple residue-one pole at s=1.

step 2.1L1L4L5L6A1algebra

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