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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedprecheck passaudited 2026-08-27
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The residue theorem for a null-homologous cycle

Statement

Let Ω⊆C be open, let f be meromorphic on Ω with pole set S, and let Γ be admissible for the residue theorem in Ω. Then

∫Γf(z) dz=2πi∑a∈Sn(Γ,a)Res⁡(f,a),

where only finitely many terms are nonzero.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: An open set Ω, a meromorphic function f on Ω with pole set S, and an admissible cycle Γ in Ω.

[L1]

Only finitely many poles have nonzero index with respect to Γ (Only finitely many singularities contribute to the residue sum of an admissible cycle).

[L2]

For a sufficiently small positively oriented circle C(a,r) around an isolated singularity a, the integral of f on that circle is 2πi Res⁡(f,a) (The residue is the normalized small-circle integral).

[L3]

If two cycles are homologous in an open set on which a function is holomorphic, then their contour integrals agree (Holomorphic integrals agree on homologous cycles).

[L4]

A positively oriented circle around a has index 1 inside and 0 outside (A circle traversed k times has winding number k inside and 0 outside).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1givenL1choose

By [L1], the set A:={a∈S:n(Γ,a)≠0} is finite. For each a∈A choose ra>0 so small that the closed discs D(a,ra)‾ are pairwise disjoint, lie in Ω, meet no pole other than a, and are disjoint from Γ∗. Let Ca be the positively oriented circle ∣ζ−a∣=ra.

2.1L4

Put [step 1.1, L4] Δ:=∑a∈An(Γ,a)Ca. For every p∈C∖(Ω∖A) one has n(Γ,p)=n(Δ,p). Indeed, if p∉Ω then admissibility makes n(Γ,p)=0, and every Ca lies in Ω, so gives n(Δ,p)=0 as well. If p=a∈A, then [L4] gives n(Ca,a)=1 and n(Cb,a)=0 for b≠a, so n(Δ,a)=n(Γ,a). Therefore Γ and Δ are homologous in Ω∖A.

3.1step 2.1L3

The function f is holomorphic on Ω∖A, so [L3] applied to step 2.1 yields ∫Γf(z) dz=∫Δf(z) dz=∑a∈An(Γ,a)∫Caf(z) dz.

4.1step 3.1L2∎

Each Ca encloses only the pole a, so [L2] gives ∫Caf(z) dz=2πi Res⁡(f,a). Substituting this into step 3.1 proves the displayed formula. Since the set A is finite, the residue sum has only finitely many nonzero terms.

Depends on

Used by

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Sources