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Sheaves of smooth-function modules are cohomologically acyclic
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let be a smooth manifold (Smooth manifolds and their smooth charts), let be its sheaf of real-valued smooth functions, and let be a sheaf of -modules. Then for every open and every , The Axiom of Choice supplies injective resolutions for module sheaves and for abelian-sheaf cohomology. Its consequences and DC supply, respectively, the partitions of unity and the acyclic-resolution comparison used below; no stronger choice principle is used.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A smooth manifold , its sheaf of smooth real-valued functions, an -module sheaf , and an open subset .
Smooth functions are maps, and smooth maps that agree on an open cover paste uniquely. Thus is a sheaf of commutative rings and is a ringed space ( and smooth maps between smooth manifolds, Smooth maps paste over an open cover, A sheaf on a topological space, A ringed space).
Under AC, sheaves of modules on a ringed space have a supplied functorial injective resolution. A module-sheaf sequence is exact exactly when its underlying abelian-sheaf sequence is exact: kernels are subsheaves with the inherited module action, and cokernels are the sheafified objectwise quotients with their induced action (Enough injective sheaves of modules, Modules on a ringed space, Kernel sheaves are objectwise, while cokernels and images are sheafified, Sheaves of abelian groups, and likewise sheaves of modules on a ringed space, form abelian categories, A sequence of abelian sheaves is exact exactly when it is exact on every stalk).
Every injective module sheaf is flasque as an abelian sheaf, and every flasque abelian sheaf is acyclic for global sections on each open subset (Injective modules are flasque and Ext from the structure sheaf is cohomology, Flasque abelian sheaves are Γ-acyclic).
Full AC implies DC and ; under , every open cover of a smooth manifold has a smooth partition of unity whose supports are locally finite and contained in their indexed cover members (The Axiom of Choice, AC implies DC implies countable choice, The Axiom of Countable Choice (), Smooth partitions of unity exist on manifolds, Smooth partitions of unity subordinate to an open cover).
An epimorphism of sheaves is surjective on stalks; each germ is represented by a local section, and exactness of sheaves is stalkwise (The stalk of a presheaf at a point, A sequence of abelian sheaves is exact exactly when it is exact on every stalk).
The global-sections functor is additive and left exact, sheaf cohomology is its right derived functor on abelian sheaves, and an exact resolution by -acyclic objects computes those derived functors when its cycles lie in the domain of the supplied injective data (Global sections of an abelian sheaf, Sheaf cohomology as right derived global sections, An F-acyclic resolution, An acyclic object for a left exact functor, The acyclic-resolution theorem for right derived functors).
Every sheaf has exactly one section over the empty open set (A set-valued sheaf has a unique section over the empty open set).
Restriction to an open subspace is the inverse-image sheaf; restricting a module sheaf restricts its scalar sheaf and module action (Restriction of a sheaf to an open subspace, Modules on a ringed space).
Proof
Proof technique: exactness of global sections on smooth-module sheaves, followed by a module-injective resolution whose terms are flasque as abelian sheaves.
Fix an open and write ; restriction makes an -module sheaf by [F8]. If , [F7] makes every global-section group zero, so exactness is immediate; suppose . To prove that is exact on these module sheaves, it suffices by left exactness in [F6] to prove surjectivity on global sections for an epimorphism . Fix . If has a global lift , take . Otherwise index all local lift data by pairs with open, , and . Their domains cover by [F5]. Use [F4] to choose a smooth partition of unity subordinate to this indexed cover. On , the product extends by zero to a section of : use zero on ; these definitions agree on the overlap because there. The extended sections are locally finite, so their local finite sums glue to by the sheaf axiom, and . Thus is exact on -module sheaves.
By [F2], choose the supplied injective resolution of the restricted module in , using [F8]. Its underlying sequence of abelian sheaves is exact by [F2]. Each is flasque as an abelian sheaf by [F3], so it is -acyclic; the successive cycles are abelian sheaves and therefore lie in the domain of the supplied abelian-sheaf cohomology data [F6]. By [F4], AC supplies DC, so the acyclic-resolution theorem identifies with the cohomology of . Step 1.1 makes this complex exact in every positive degree, hence the cohomology vanishes for . Since was arbitrary, the theorem follows. Full AC is used for the two injective-resolution data; its consequences and DC are used in [F4] and the acyclic-resolution comparison, respectively.
Depends on
- The Axiom of Choice
- AC implies DC implies countable choice
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
- Smooth manifolds and their smooth charts
- $C^r$ and smooth maps between smooth manifolds
- Smooth maps paste over an open cover
- A ringed space
- Modules on a ringed space
- Restriction of a sheaf to an open subspace
- A sheaf on a topological space
- The stalk of a presheaf at a point
- A set-valued sheaf has a unique section over the empty open set
- A sequence of abelian sheaves is exact exactly when it is exact on every stalk
- Kernel sheaves are objectwise, while cokernels and images are sheafified
- Sheaves of abelian groups, and likewise sheaves of modules on a ringed space, form abelian categories
- Enough injective sheaves of modules
- Injective modules are flasque and Ext from the structure sheaf is cohomology
- Flasque abelian sheaves are Γ-acyclic
- Smooth partitions of unity exist on manifolds
- Smooth partitions of unity subordinate to an open cover
- Global sections of an abelian sheaf
- Sheaf cohomology as right derived global sections
- An F-acyclic resolution
- An acyclic object for a left exact functor
- The acyclic-resolution theorem for right derived functors
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- Otto Forster, Lectures on Riemann Surfaces (GTM 81, Springer 1981), translated by Bruce Gilligan (standard reference, not scraped)
- The Stacks Project, Sheaves of Modules (standard reference, not scraped)
- The Stacks Project, Cohomology of Sheaves (standard reference, not scraped)