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The integral LKB module is free of rank n choose two

Statement

Let n≥2, let Λ=Z[q±1,t±1] and let C~→C be the LKB cover of The Lawrence-Krammer-Bigelow cover. Then H2(C~;Z) is a free Λ-module of rank (n2). Explicitly, the closed surfaces vi,j (1≤i<j≤n) of Closed LKB basis surfaces have the three required topological types and factors, whose images in H2(C~,ν~) are (1−q)2(1+qt)(1−t)vi,i+1′ (j=i+1),(1−q)2(1+qt)v1,3′ ((i,j)=(1,3)),(1−q)2vi,j′ (otherwise), form a Λ-basis of H2(C~;Z). Here vi,j′ are the relative squares and triangles of that lemma.

For n≥3 the integral module H2(C~;Z) and Krammer's free matrix module V=⨁i<jΛxi,j are isomorphic only after extending scalars to Q(q,t); they are not isomorphic as Λ[Bn]-modules (with the fixed parameter convention), although their underlying free Λ-modules are isomorphic, and no integral identification of the two bases is asserted.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: the LKB cover C~, the ring Λ=Z[q±1,t±1], the field K=Q(q,t), the closed surfaces vi,j and dual classes xi,j of Closed LKB basis surfaces have the three required topological types and factors and the coefficient statement of Fraction-field coefficients of an integral LKB class are Laurent polynomials.

[F1]

The absolute LKB cellular boundary and fraction-field rank: the natural map H2(C~;Z)→K⊗ΛH2(C~;Z) is injective and K⊗ΛH2(C~;Z) has dimension (n2) over K.

[F2]

Closed LKB basis surfaces have the three required topological types and factors: the closed surfaces vi,j have the displayed images in H2(C~,ν~), and the matrix (⟨vi′,j′′,xi,j⟩′) of primed pairings is triangular with diagonal entries that are units of Λ; hence it is invertible after extending scalars to K.

[F3]

Fraction-field coefficients of an integral LKB class are Laurent polynomials: if ci,j∈K and v=∑i<jci,jvi,j lies in H2(C~;Z)⊆K⊗ΛH2(C~;Z), then ci,j∈Λ for all i<j.

[F4]

Bigelow 2002 Section4.2 identifies the fraction-field representations, with tKrammer=−tBigelow. Paoluzzi–Paris Section4, Lemma4.5 and Proposition4.6, realize that matrix representation integrally as L=∑i<jΛEij inside the absolute cellular kernel of [F1], with q,t the fixed deck parameters. Here S=(t−1)(qt+1) and Eij=SAij+(q−1)Vib+(q−1)Vja+∑i<k<j(q−1)2Vk0, Vib=−qtBi1+q(t−1)Bi2+Bi3,Via=Bi1+q(t−1)Bi2−qtBi3,Vi0=−tBi1+(t−1)Bi2−tBi3. These are the explicit cycles in [F1]'s proof4.1. Reading the cellular half-twist images (the source's complete cell-image formulas in Lemma4.5) and substituting these cycles gives σkEij={qEi−1,j+(1−q)Eijk=i−1,Ei+1,j−qt(q−1)Ek,k+1k=i<j−1,−q2tEk,k+1k=i=j−1,Eij−t(q−1)2Ek,k+1i<k<j−1,Ei,j−1−qt(q−1)Ek,k+1i<j−1=k,qEi,j+1+(1−q)Eijk=j,Eijotherwise. The coefficient ring is fixed; no parameter-changing automorphism is allowed in the comparison below. The displayed action is the matrix lattice of the source, expressed in its cellular E basis; its fixed-parameter identification with the Krammer basis includes the stated sign translation, not a plain-module nonisomorphism claim.

[F5]

The integers have no zero divisors (The integers have no zero divisors; multiplicative cancellation), polynomial extension preserves this property (A polynomial ring over an integral domain is an integral domain), and localization is the fraction construction of Multiplicative subsets and the localisation S−1R as equivalence classes of fractions. Localizing Z[t] or Z[t,q] at powers of the variables gives the Laurent domains Z[t±1] and Λ: the denominators are nonzero monomials, so clearing them preserves both equality and nonzero products.

Proof

1.1F1F2algebra

The classes vi,j are K-linearly independent. Extend the primed pairing of [F2] to K⊗ΛH2(C~,ν~)×K⊗ΛH2(C~,∂C~) by K-sesquilinearity. Its matrix (⟨vi′,j′′,xi,j⟩′) with respect to the dual classes is triangular with unit diagonal by [F2], hence invertible over Λ and over K. The pairing matrix for the actual absolute cycles vi,j is this primed matrix with each row multiplied by its displayed nonzero closing factor (1−q)2, (1−q)2(1+qt), or (1−q)2(1+qt)(1−t). These factors are not asserted to be Laurent units; they are invertible over K, so the actual matrix remains invertible over K. If ∑i<jci,jvi,j=0 with ci,j∈K, pairing the relation with each xi,j and applying invertibility gives ci,j=0 for all i<j. Since the vi,j lie in the image of H2(C~;Z) and by [F1] that image spans a subspace of dimension (n2), which equals the number of pairs (i,j), the classes vi,j form a K-basis of K⊗ΛH2(C~;Z).

1.2F1F4algebra

The rational comparison and cyclic lattice. By [F4], K⊗ΛH2 and the Krammer matrix representation are isomorphic as Bn-representations, and the latter has integral realization L=⨁i<jΛEij in the cellular kernel. The parameter match is explicit: set xij=q1−iEij and tKrammer=−t. This is a diagonal Laurent-unit basis change. Substitution in the seven displayed cases gives the Krammer table: for k=i the next-row coefficient becomes q and the adjacent coefficient becomes tKrammerq(q−1); for k=j−1 the adjacent exponent becomes qj−i; in the interior it becomes qk−i; for k=i−1 the previous-row coefficient becomes1; for k=j the next-column coefficient remainsq; for an adjacent pair the eigenvalue is tKrammerq2; all other basis vectors are fixed. Thus the integral realization is the specified Krammer matrix lattice with exactly its frozen sign translation, not an unspecified rational basis change. The E cycles have only one nonzero A coordinate, namely S in coordinate (i,j), so are independent. They are generated over Λ[Bn] by E12: the k=j formula builds E1,j+1=q−1(σj−(1−q))E1j along the first row; the k=i<j−1 formula then builds row i+1 from row i and its already known adjacent element. Induction gives every pair.

2.1F3step 1.1algebra

The classes vi,j span H2(C~;Z) over Λ. Let v∈H2(C~;Z). By step 1.1 write v=∑i<jci,jvi,j with ci,j∈K. Since v is integral, [F3] gives ci,j∈Λ for all i<j. Hence v is a Λ-linear combination of the vi,j.

2.2F1F4F5step 1.2algebra

A fixed-parameter equivariant map cannot be surjective. For n≥3, the action of σ1 on K⊗H2 has the eigenvalue −q2t on E12. Modulo this line, each span of E1j,E2j, j≥3, has matrix with characteristic polynomial (X−1)(X+q), and the remaining Eij with i≥3 are fixed. Since −q2t differs from 1,−q as a rational function, its eigenspace is exactly KE12. Any fixed-parameter Λ[Bn]-isomorphism from L onto H2 must therefore send E12 to λE12 for λ∈K. In integral cellular coordinates the A12 and B13 entries of this image are λ(t−1)(qt+1) and λ(q−1). They belong to Λ. Set A=λ(q−1) and B=λ(t−1)(qt+1) in Λ. Then A(t−1)(qt+1)=B(q−1). Evaluate q=1 into the Laurent domain Z[t±1] of [F5]: the factor (t−1)(t+1) is nonzero, so A(1,t)=0. The kernel of this evaluation is (q−1): multiply a Laurent polynomial by a sufficiently large power of q, then use the finite identities qr−1=(q−1)(1+⋯+qr−1) to subtract its value at1. Hence A=(q−1)C for C∈Λ, and cancellation in K gives λ=C∈Λ. This proves the needed denominator removal directly, without asserting an undeclared UFD theorem. Cyclic generation from step 1.2 forces the entire image into L.

3.1F2step 1.1step 2.1algebra

Freeness and rank. A Λ-linear relation ∑i<jλi,jvi,j=0 with λi,j∈Λ⊆K is in particular a K-linear relation, so step 1.1 gives λi,j=0. Together with step 2.1 this shows that {vi,j} is a Λ-basis of H2(C~;Z); in particular the module is free of rank (n2). The displayed relative images of the basis elements are exactly those recorded in [F2].

4.1F1F4step 1.2step 2.2step 3.1algebra∎

The integral kernel is strictly larger. Define X13=(qt+1)(A12+A23−A13)−(q−1)B21+(q2−1)B22−(q−1)B23. Substituting [F1]'s absolute differential gives zero: the A part contributes (q−1)(qt+1)(a2−b2), The B part is (q−1)(−dB21+(q+1)dB22−dB23). Its a2 coefficient inside the parentheses is −(1−t)−(q+1)t=−(1+qt) and its b2 coefficient is (q+1)t−(t−1)=1+qt; the c2,c3 coefficients are 1−(q+1)+q=0 and −q+(q+1)−1=0. Thus it is the negative of the A contribution. There are no degree-three boundaries, so X13∈H2. If it lay in L, its A13 coordinate would force its E13 coefficient to equal −(qt+1)/S=−1/(t−1), which is not in Λ. Hence X13∉L for every n≥3. Step 2.2 rules out an equivariant isomorphism onto H2. This proves the fixed-parameter nonisomorphism, including n=3; it does not rely on the source's stronger parameter-twisted maximality statement whose n=3 argument was left to the reader. Both underlying modules are free of the same rank, so are abstractly Λ-isomorphic by sending one finite basis to the other.

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