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The integral LKB module is free of rank n choose two
Statement
Let , let and let be the LKB cover of The Lawrence-Krammer-Bigelow cover. Then is a free -module of rank . Explicitly, the closed surfaces () of Closed LKB basis surfaces have the three required topological types and factors, whose images in are form a -basis of . Here are the relative squares and triangles of that lemma.
For the integral module and Krammer's free matrix module are isomorphic only after extending scalars to ; they are not isomorphic as -modules (with the fixed parameter convention), although their underlying free -modules are isomorphic, and no integral identification of the two bases is asserted.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: the LKB cover , the ring , the field , the closed surfaces and dual classes of Closed LKB basis surfaces have the three required topological types and factors and the coefficient statement of Fraction-field coefficients of an integral LKB class are Laurent polynomials.
The absolute LKB cellular boundary and fraction-field rank: the natural map is injective and has dimension over .
Closed LKB basis surfaces have the three required topological types and factors: the closed surfaces have the displayed images in , and the matrix of primed pairings is triangular with diagonal entries that are units of ; hence it is invertible after extending scalars to .
Fraction-field coefficients of an integral LKB class are Laurent polynomials: if and lies in , then for all .
Bigelow 2002 Section4.2 identifies the fraction-field representations, with . Paoluzzi–Paris Section4, Lemma4.5 and Proposition4.6, realize that matrix representation integrally as inside the absolute cellular kernel of [F1], with the fixed deck parameters. Here and These are the explicit cycles in [F1]'s proof4.1. Reading the cellular half-twist images (the source's complete cell-image formulas in Lemma4.5) and substituting these cycles gives The coefficient ring is fixed; no parameter-changing automorphism is allowed in the comparison below. The displayed action is the matrix lattice of the source, expressed in its cellular basis; its fixed-parameter identification with the Krammer basis includes the stated sign translation, not a plain-module nonisomorphism claim.
The integers have no zero divisors (The integers have no zero divisors; multiplicative cancellation), polynomial extension preserves this property (A polynomial ring over an integral domain is an integral domain), and localization is the fraction construction of Multiplicative subsets and the localisation as equivalence classes of fractions. Localizing or at powers of the variables gives the Laurent domains and : the denominators are nonzero monomials, so clearing them preserves both equality and nonzero products.
Proof
The classes are -linearly independent. Extend the primed pairing of [F2] to by -sesquilinearity. Its matrix with respect to the dual classes is triangular with unit diagonal by [F2], hence invertible over and over . The pairing matrix for the actual absolute cycles is this primed matrix with each row multiplied by its displayed nonzero closing factor , , or . These factors are not asserted to be Laurent units; they are invertible over , so the actual matrix remains invertible over . If with , pairing the relation with each and applying invertibility gives for all . Since the lie in the image of and by [F1] that image spans a subspace of dimension , which equals the number of pairs , the classes form a -basis of .
The rational comparison and cyclic lattice. By [F4], and the Krammer matrix representation are isomorphic as -representations, and the latter has integral realization in the cellular kernel. The parameter match is explicit: set and . This is a diagonal Laurent-unit basis change. Substitution in the seven displayed cases gives the Krammer table: for the next-row coefficient becomes and the adjacent coefficient becomes ; for the adjacent exponent becomes ; in the interior it becomes ; for the previous-row coefficient becomes1; for the next-column coefficient remains; for an adjacent pair the eigenvalue is ; all other basis vectors are fixed. Thus the integral realization is the specified Krammer matrix lattice with exactly its frozen sign translation, not an unspecified rational basis change. The cycles have only one nonzero coordinate, namely in coordinate , so are independent. They are generated over by : the formula builds along the first row; the formula then builds row from row and its already known adjacent element. Induction gives every pair.
The classes span over . Let . By step 1.1 write with . Since is integral, [F3] gives for all . Hence is a -linear combination of the .
A fixed-parameter equivariant map cannot be surjective. For , the action of on has the eigenvalue on . Modulo this line, each span of , , has matrix with characteristic polynomial , and the remaining with are fixed. Since differs from as a rational function, its eigenspace is exactly . Any fixed-parameter -isomorphism from onto must therefore send to for . In integral cellular coordinates the and entries of this image are and . They belong to . Set and in . Then . Evaluate into the Laurent domain of [F5]: the factor is nonzero, so . The kernel of this evaluation is : multiply a Laurent polynomial by a sufficiently large power of , then use the finite identities to subtract its value at1. Hence for , and cancellation in gives . This proves the needed denominator removal directly, without asserting an undeclared UFD theorem. Cyclic generation from step 1.2 forces the entire image into .
Freeness and rank. A -linear relation with is in particular a -linear relation, so step 1.1 gives . Together with step 2.1 this shows that is a -basis of ; in particular the module is free of rank . The displayed relative images of the basis elements are exactly those recorded in [F2].
The integral kernel is strictly larger. Define Substituting [F1]'s absolute differential gives zero: the part contributes , The part is . Its coefficient inside the parentheses is and its coefficient is ; the coefficients are and . Thus it is the negative of the contribution. There are no degree-three boundaries, so . If it lay in , its coordinate would force its coefficient to equal , which is not in . Hence for every . Step 2.2 rules out an equivariant isomorphism onto . This proves the fixed-parameter nonisomorphism, including ; it does not rely on the source's stronger parameter-twisted maximality statement whose argument was left to the reader. Both underlying modules are free of the same rank, so are abstractly -isomorphic by sending one finite basis to the other.
Depends on
- The absolute LKB cellular boundary and fraction-field rank
- Closed LKB basis surfaces have the three required topological types and factors
- Fraction-field coefficients of an integral LKB class are Laurent polynomials
- The Lawrence-Krammer-Bigelow cover
- The integers have no zero divisors; multiplicative cancellation
- A polynomial ring over an integral domain is an integral domain
- Multiplicative subsets and the localisation $S^{-1}R$ as equivalence classes of fractions
Used by
- Every classical braid group is linear Corollary
- The Lawrence-Krammer-Bigelow representation Definition
- The Krammer fraction-field generator matrices for B three Example
- An LKB kernel braid fixes every standard adjacent edge up to isotopy Lemma
- The full boundary twist acts on LKB by the scalar q to two n t squared Lemma
Dependency tree · two levels
25 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Bigelow, The Lawrence-Krammer representation, arXiv:math/0204057v1 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Krammer, Braid groups are linear, Ann. of Math. 155 (2002) 131-156 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Paoluzzi and Paris, A note on the Lawrence-Krammer-Bigelow representation, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 2 (2002) 499-518 (standard reference, not scraped)