Alphabeta Math
TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedprecheck passaudited 2026-08-16
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The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

Every nonempty path-connected locally path-connected semilocally simply connected space has a universal cover

Statement

Every nonempty path-connected, locally path-connected, semilocally simply connected space has a universal covering space.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The objects, hypotheses, and choice principles stated above.

[F1]

If X is nonempty, path-connected, locally path-connected, and semilocally simply connected, then after a basepoint is fixed the path-class basic sets define a topology on X~ for which the endpoint projection p:X~→X is a covering map. (For a nonempty path-connected locally path-connected semilocally simply connected space, the path-class projection is a covering map).

[F2]

A universal covering space of B is a covering map p:B~→B whose total space B~ is simply connected (def-covering-map-and-evenly-covered-neighbourhoods, def-simply-connected). (Universal covering spaces).

[F3]

A topological space X is simply connected when it is nonempty and path-connected (def-path-connected) and, for every x0∈X, the group π1(X,x0) has exactly one element. (Simply connected topological spaces).

[F4]

For a covering p:(E,e0)→(B,b0), the induced homomorphism p∗:π1(E,e0)→π1(B,b0) is injective. (A covering map induces an injective homomorphism on fundamental groups).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1givenF1F2F3F4

Use the path-class projection, already proved to be a covering.

2.1step 1.1F1F3F2

The path-class space is nonempty and path-connected by truncating representatives.

3.1step 2.1F1F3F2

A loop upstairs projects to a loop whose path-class endpoint is the starting class, hence to the trivial element downstairs; injectivity of the fundamental-group map then makes every upstairs loop nullhomotopic.

4.1step 3.1F2F3F1

Thus the total space is simply connected.

5.1step 4.1∎

The preceding construction and implications establish the assertion.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

12 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources