How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
The parabolic and hyperbolic branches on declared model data: with and periapsis , and J with , periapsis and angular domain
A numerical consistency check of the zero- and positive-energy branches of the gravitational relative orbit on declared model data: the eccentricity-energy correspondence and , the periapsis distances as positive solutions of (zeros only for the parabolic energy ), the angular domain of the hyperbolic branch and the barrier bound. Every number is declared model data or an exact consequence of the cited items; no observation, no asymptotics and no scattering cross-section is claimed.
Example
Declare the same model data as the companion elliptic check (An elliptic gravitational relative orbit checked on declared model data: m, , m, m, J and s, with ): the gravitational two-label model of Adopted two-label gravitational model: the inverse-square pair potential with coupling parameters, the empirical mass identification, and the measured value and uncertainty of the Newtonian constant with where is a declared datum of the computation and the couplings are identified with the inertial masses. Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()), as in the cited conic item. On this data the formulas of The inverse-square gravitational relative trajectory has the Kepler polar form: , , elliptic completeness and barycentric scaled ellipses give:
- Parabolic branch. The energy corresponds to eccentricity ; the conic is , whose denominator ranges over , and the periapsis is , with .
- Hyperbolic branch. With eccentricity the energy is the periapsis is , with , and the orbit is the branch evaluated where , that is modulo .
- Consistency of the classification. In both cases and the corresponding focus-directrix conic loci of The inverse-square gravitational relative trajectory has the Kepler polar form: , , elliptic completeness and barycentric scaled ellipses are unbounded; the barrier of clause 2 gives along the motion, so the collision is excluded; no claim is made that the motion traverses the entire locus.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The declared data , , , and the two energies and with eccentricities and .
The Axiom of Countable Choice is assumed (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()).
Conic and classification (The inverse-square gravitational relative trajectory has the Kepler polar form: , , elliptic completeness and barycentric scaled ellipses clauses 1-2 and 4, Adopted two-label gravitational model: the inverse-square pair potential with coupling parameters, the empirical mass identification, and the measured value and uncertainty of the Newtonian constant clause (i), Adopted central-force model class: static central pair potentials, the reduced one-label problem, the fixed-centre idealization, reading conventions and exclusions clauses (i)-(ii), Central-force trajectories: the central-force equation, angular momentum, energy and the effective potential): with the identification , ; a motion with angular momentum magnitude has conic data and energy-eccentricity relation with , ; the barrier function is with , and in the zero- and positive-energy cases the periapsis is .
Arithmetic and trigonometry: , so ; ; the denominator is positive exactly for , i.e. modulo ; and (Intervals of : the nine order-convex forms, nondegeneracy, and length).
Verification
Parabolic branch: gives , and conversely gives , hence because ; the denominator ranges over , so with equality at , and m. Direct substitution gives .
Hyperbolic branch: with , J, and conversely forces , hence ; the periapsis is m, and direct substitution gives J, which is . The condition reads , i.e. , which by [L2] is modulo .
Consistency: by [L1] the barrier bound holds in both cases with the displayed positive periapsis, so the relative coordinate stays a positive distance from the force centre; both and give , and The inverse-square gravitational relative trajectory has the Kepler polar form: , , elliptic completeness and barycentric scaled ellipses defines their focus-directrix conic loci as unbounded; the classification of clause 1 excludes an elliptic interpretation of these data. This concerns the loci, not how much of either locus the motion traverses.
Remarks
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Conditional on the existence of the motions. As in the companion elliptic check, the computations verify the formulas for any motion with the stated conic data; they do not construct the motions or settle their asymptotics.
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Declared data only. The numbers are model data chosen for exact arithmetic; no measured value, observation or scattering measurement is used.
Depends on
Adopted central-force model class: static central pair potentials, the reduced one-label problem, the fixed-centre idealization, reading conventions and exclusions
Adopted two-label gravitational model: the inverse-square pair potential with coupling parameters, the empirical mass identification, and the measured value and uncertainty of the Newtonian constant
The inverse-square gravitational relative trajectory has the Kepler polar form: , , elliptic completeness and barycentric scaled ellipses
Two-body reduction of a static central pair-potential model: the relative coordinate is a central-force trajectory for the reduced mass, the centre of mass moves uniformly, and the reconstruction is a bijection
Central-force trajectories: the central-force equation, angular momentum, energy and the effective potential
Intervals of : the nine order-convex forms, nondegeneracy, and length
The Axiom of Countable Choice ()
Dependency tree · 2 levels
Sources
- Konstantin Likharev, Essential Graduate Physics: Classical Mechanics (title page last edited September 1, 2026), Section 3.4, Eq. (3.65) and the discussion of the $E\ge0$ cases, chapter pages 14-15 (PDF pages 47-48): the parabolic orbit at $E=0$ and the open hyperbolic branch at $E>0$ with its angular sector
- Iain Stewart, Advanced Classical Mechanics (MIT 8.09/8.309 Fall 2014 course text), Section 4.5, printed p. 81 (PDF p. 84), Figure 4.2: the circular, elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic cases of the gravity-like potential with $\varepsilon=1$ and $\varepsilon>1$