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The parabolic and hyperbolic branches on declared model data: E=0 with e=1 and periapsis p/2, and E=1.5⋅1018 J with e=2, periapsis p/3 and angular domain ∣θ−θ0∣<2π/3

Physical scope

A numerical consistency check of the zero- and positive-energy branches of the gravitational relative orbit on declared model data: the eccentricity-energy correspondence E=0  ⟺  e=1 and E>0  ⟺  e>1, the periapsis distances as positive solutions of UJeff(ρ)=E (zeros only for the parabolic energy E=0), the angular domain of the hyperbolic branch and the barrier bound. Every number is declared model data or an exact consequence of the cited items; no observation, no asymptotics and no scattering cross-section is claimed.

Example

Declare the same model data as the companion elliptic check (An elliptic gravitational relative orbit checked on declared model data: p=106 m, e=3/5, a=25⋅106/16 m, b=5⋅106/4 m, E=−3.2⋅1017 J and T=125π⋅109/32 s, with T2=4π2a3/(GNM)): the gravitational two-label model of Adopted two-label gravitational model: the inverse-square pair potential with coupling parameters, the empirical mass identification, and the measured value and uncertainty of the Newtonian constant with m1=m2=2×1024 kg,μ=1024 kg,κ=GNm1m2=1024 kg m3 s−2,J=1027 kg m2 s−1,p=J2μκ=106 m, where GN=2.5×10−25 m3 kg−1 s−2 is a declared datum of the computation and the couplings are identified with the inertial masses. Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice (The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω)), as in the cited conic item. On this data the formulas of The inverse-square gravitational relative trajectory has the Kepler polar form: ρ=p/(1+ecos⁡(θ−θ0)), E=(μκ2/2J2)(e2−1), elliptic completeness and barycentric scaled ellipses give:

  1. Parabolic branch. The energy E=0 corresponds to eccentricity e=1; the conic is ρ=p/(1+cos⁡(θ−θ0)), whose denominator ranges over (0,2], and the periapsis is ρmin⁡(0)=p/2=5×105 m, with UJeff(ρmin⁡(0))=0=E.
  2. Hyperbolic branch. With eccentricity e=2 the energy is E=μκ22J2(e2−1)=32×1018 J, the periapsis is ρmin⁡(E)=p/(1+e)=106/3 m, with UJeff(106/3)=E, and the orbit is the branch ρ=p1+2cos⁡(θ−θ0) evaluated where 1+2cos⁡(θ−θ0)>0, that is ∣θ−θ0∣<2π/3 modulo 2π.
  3. Consistency of the classification. In both cases e≥1 and the corresponding focus-directrix conic loci of The inverse-square gravitational relative trajectory has the Kepler polar form: ρ=p/(1+ecos⁡(θ−θ0)), E=(μκ2/2J2)(e2−1), elliptic completeness and barycentric scaled ellipses are unbounded; the barrier of clause 2 gives ρ≥ρmin⁡(E)>0 along the motion, so the collision is excluded; no claim is made that the motion traverses the entire locus.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The declared data μ=1024, κ=1024, J=1027, p=106 and the two energies E=0 and E=32×1018 with eccentricities e=1 and e=2.

[A1]

The Axiom of Countable Choice is assumed (The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω)).

[L1]

Conic and classification (The inverse-square gravitational relative trajectory has the Kepler polar form: ρ=p/(1+ecos⁡(θ−θ0)), E=(μκ2/2J2)(e2−1), elliptic completeness and barycentric scaled ellipses clauses 1-2 and 4, Adopted two-label gravitational model: the inverse-square pair potential with coupling parameters, the empirical mass identification, and the measured value and uncertainty of the Newtonian constant clause (i), Adopted central-force model class: static central pair potentials, the reduced one-label problem, the fixed-centre idealization, reading conventions and exclusions clauses (i)-(ii), Central-force trajectories: the central-force equation, angular momentum, energy and the effective potential): with the identification mig=mi, κ=GNm1m2; a motion with angular momentum magnitude J has conic data ρ=p/(1+ecos⁡(θ−θ0)) and energy-eccentricity relation E=(μκ2/2J2)(e2−1) with E=0  ⟺  e=1, E>0  ⟺  e>1; the barrier function is ρmin⁡(E)=J2/(μκ+μ2κ2+2μEJ2) with UJeff(ρmin⁡(E))=E, and in the zero- and positive-energy cases the periapsis is p/(1+e).

[L2]

Arithmetic and trigonometry: μκ2/(2J2)=12×1018 J, so E=(12×1018)(e2−1); 22−1=3; the denominator 1+2cos⁡ψ is positive exactly for cos⁡ψ>−12, i.e. ∣ψ∣<2π/3 modulo 2π; and 1024/(106/3)=3×1018 (Intervals of R: the nine order-convex forms, nondegeneracy, and length).

Verification

technique · direct
1.1givenA1L1L2algebra

Parabolic branch: e=1 gives E=12×1018⋅(1−1)=0, and conversely E=0 gives e2−1=0, hence e=1 because e≥0; the denominator 1+cos⁡(θ−θ0) ranges over (0,2], so ρ≥p/2 with equality at θ=θ0, and ρmin⁡(0)=J2/(2μκ)=106/2=5×105 m. Direct substitution gives UJeff(5×105)=−10245×105+10542×1024⋅25×1010=−2×1018+2×1018=0.

2.1step 1.1L1L2algebra

Hyperbolic branch: with e=2, E=12×1018⋅3=32×1018 J, and conversely E>0 forces e2−1>0, hence e>1; the periapsis is p/(1+e)=106/3 m, and direct substitution gives UJeff(106/3)=−3×1024106+1054⋅92×1024⋅1012=−3×1018+92×1018=32×1018 J, which is E. The condition ρ>0 reads 1+2cos⁡(θ−θ0)>0, i.e. cos⁡(θ−θ0)>−12, which by [L2] is ∣θ−θ0∣<2π/3 modulo 2π.

3.1step 1.1step 2.1L1algebra∎

Consistency: by [L1] the barrier bound ρ≥ρmin⁡(E) holds in both cases with the displayed positive periapsis, so the relative coordinate stays a positive distance from the force centre; both e=1 and e=2 give e≥1, and The inverse-square gravitational relative trajectory has the Kepler polar form: ρ=p/(1+ecos⁡(θ−θ0)), E=(μκ2/2J2)(e2−1), elliptic completeness and barycentric scaled ellipses defines their focus-directrix conic loci as unbounded; the classification E<0  ⟺  e<1 of clause 1 excludes an elliptic interpretation of these data. This concerns the loci, not how much of either locus the motion traverses.

Remarks

  • Conditional on the existence of the motions. As in the companion elliptic check, the computations verify the formulas for any motion with the stated conic data; they do not construct the motions or settle their asymptotics.

  • Declared data only. The numbers are model data chosen for exact arithmetic; no measured value, observation or scattering measurement is used.

Depends on

Dependency tree · 2 levels

Sources