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Each coefficient field Xj of the modified logarithm is a holomorphic symplectic field with a global holomorphic primitive Hj on the star-shaped domain, and X1=XA~+B~

Statement

Let d≥1, let (U,Uρ,A~,B~,M,K,δ,Ψh) be analytic splitting data with H~:=A~+B~, and let Xj, j≥1, be the coefficient fields of The truncated binomial family Ths,N, the truncated logarithm LN(h), its coefficient fields Xj and the truncations X[N] (independent of the truncation order by Bounds for the truncated logarithm: ∣LN(h)zi/h∣≤8M/3 and ∣Xj∣≤(8M/3)(C0Mj/ρ)j−1 clause 4), with the bound max⁡i∣(Xj)i∣≤βj:=8M3(C0Mjρ)j−1 of that lemma on the common retained domain E:=D(ρ/4). In this item Dj denotes E for every j≥1, including j=1, whose coefficient is extracted using any order N≥2. Write Xj=∑k=1duk(j)∂zk+∑k=1dvk(j)∂wk in the coordinates Z=(z,w) of Complex phase domains, holomorphic maps on Cm, and the complexified canonical form and bracket, and let Aj:=(∂Zl(Xj)k)k,l be its complex Jacobian. Then for every j≥1:

  1. Xj is a holomorphic vector field on Dj: all uk(j),vk(j) are holomorphic on Dj and real-valued on Dj∩R2d.
  2. AjJ+JAjT=0 on Dj; equivalently, the contraction one-form αj:=ιXjωC=∑k=1duk(j) dwk−∑k=1dvk(j) dzk is closed there.
  3. There is a holomorphic Hj:Dj→C with dHj=αj, Hj(0)=0 and Hj real-valued on Dj∩R2d, and ∣∇Hj∣≤2d βj,∣Hj(Z)∣≤2d βj ∣Z∣(Z∈Dj).
  4. X1=XH~=J∇H~; that is, for every holomorphic f on the domain of X1, X1f=d ⁣f(XH~).

Facts & Assumptions

[L2]

Derivation of the bracket: for the coefficient operators Dj of the logarithm, Dj{f,g}={Djf,g}+{f,Djg} for holomorphic f,g, and Xj acts on f as Xjf=Djf (The binomial family of the splitting pullback is multiplicative and bracket-preserving, and its logarithm is a derivation clause 3, The truncated binomial family Ths,N, the truncated logarithm LN(h), its coefficient fields Xj and the truncations X[N]).

[L3]

Realness of the extensions and their flows. By the distance-domain estimate in Complex phase domains, holomorphic maps on Cm, and the complexified canonical form and bracket, D(ρ) is star-shaped about 0. Fix ξ∈D(ρ)∩R2d; the set of real t for which tξ∈D(ρ) has a connected open interval containing [0,1]. The function gA(t):=Im⁡A~(tξ) is real analytic on that interval, since it is the restriction of a holomorphic function to a complex line. For t in a neighborhood of 0, tξ∈U because 0∈U and U is open, so gA(t)=0 as A~∣U=A and A is real-valued. To justify continuation, let S be the set of points where gA vanishes on a neighborhood. It is nonempty and open; if tj∈S converges to an interior point t, every derivative gA(k)(tj) is zero, so continuity of all derivatives gives gA(k)(t)=0 for every k, and the real-analytic Taylor expansion at t makes gA zero near t. Thus S is also closed in the interval and equals the whole interval. This proves A~(ξ)∈R; the identical argument applies to B~. The restrictions of these extensions to the open real domain D(ρ)∩R2d are real-valued, so their real-coordinate partial derivatives are real; holomorphic differentiability identifies those derivatives with the complex coordinate derivatives. Hence XA~=J∇A~ and XB~=J∇B~ are real on the real locus.

For either field F=XA~ or XB~, the Picard iterates in The flow of a bounded holomorphic field on a polydisc: existence in complex time, displacement bound, holomorphy, and the composition law starting from real Z remain real when t is real: the initial iterate is real, and each next iterate is Z+t∫01F(γm(σt)) dσ, an integral of real vectors by induction. Their limit is real because R2d is closed in C2d. Thus each local real-time flow preserves real points; uniqueness and the local gluing in that lemma preserve this property along every real continuation where the flow is defined. The three factors defining Ψh therefore preserve real points for real h, as do all defined iterates Ψhm.

[L4]

Closed one-forms on star-shaped real domains have potentials, with the explicit radial potential ϕ(x)=∫01⟨F(tx),x⟩ dt for centre 0 (Poincare's lemma on a star-shaped domain: every closed C1 field is exact, Star-shaped open subsets of Euclidean space); the complex domain Dj⊆C2d≅R4d is open and star-shaped about 0 (Complex phase domains, holomorphic maps on Cm, and the complexified canonical form and bracket), and the real and imaginary parts of a closed complex one-form with C1 coefficients are closed real one-forms.

[L5]

Holomorphy criterion: a complex-valued C1 function H on an open subset of C2d viewed as a real domain with ∂ZˉlH=0 for all l is holomorphic, since then dH is C-linear; and the zero-normalized radial primitive H(Z)=∫01α(tZ)(Z) dt is real-valued on the real part of its star-shaped domain whenever α is real on real points and real tangent vectors, because its integrand is then real (Complex phase domains, holomorphic maps on Cm, and the complexified canonical form and bracket, Calculus of holomorphic maps: chain rule, Wirtinger derivatives, coefficient extraction in one variable, and locally uniform limits clause 2, Directional derivatives and partial derivatives of a map U⊆Rm→Rn, The total (Fréchet) derivative Df(a) as the linear first-order approximation with o(∥h∥2) remainder).

Proof

technique · direct; read the bracket derivation rule on coordinate pairs to get closedness, integrate the closed form on the star-shaped domain, and identify the first coefficient by the differential of $\Psi_h$ at $h=0$
1.1givenL3algebra

Holomorphy and realness of the components. By The truncated binomial family Ths,N, the truncated logarithm LN(h), its coefficient fields Xj and the truncations X[N], (Xj)i is a coefficient in h of the holomorphic function h↦(LN(h)zi)(Z)/h (for any N≥max⁡{2,j}), so it is holomorphic in Z by Calculus of holomorphic maps: chain rule, Wirtinger derivatives, coefficient extraction in one variable, and locally uniform limits clause 3; this is clause 1's first assertion. For real Z and real h, Ψhm(Z) is real by [L3], so each Δhkzi, hence LN(h)zi, is real-valued there, and its Taylor coefficient in the real variable h at 0 is real; this gives the realness assertion.

1.2givenL1L2algebra

Closedness. Fix j and apply the bracket derivation rule [L2] to the constant bracket {Zk,Zl}=Jkl: 0=Dj{Zk,Zl}={DjZk,Zl}+{Zk,DjZl}={(Xj)k,Zl}+{Zk,(Xj)l}. Writing A:=Aj=(∂Zl(Xj)k) and using [L1], (Xj)k-component k of the field, {(Xj)k,Zl}=(∇(Xj)k)TJel and {Zk,(Xj)l}=ekTJ∇(Xj)l, so, using elTJT∇ak=(AJ)kl and ekTJ∇al=(JAT)kl for ak:=(Xj)k, the identity reads (AJ)kl+(JAT)kl=0 for all k,l, that is AJ+JAT=0. Equivalently, write αj=∑lbl dZl, so that b=(−v,u) and dbl=∑k∂Zkbl dZk; then dαj=∑k<l(∂Zkbl−∂Zlbk)dZk∧dZl, and comparing block entries shows that AJ+JAT=0 is precisely the symmetry of the Jacobian (∂Zkbl), i.e. the closedness dαj=0.

1.3givenL2algebra

The first coefficient. Since L(h)=Δh+O(h2) and Δhf=h d ⁣f(XA~+XB~)+O(h2), the coefficient of h in L(h)zi is dzi(XH~)=(J∇H~)i; here the derivative of Ψh at h=0 is XA~+XB~: differentiating Ψh=φA~h/2∘φB~h∘φA~h/2 at h=0 and using ddtφFt∣t=0=XF and DφF0=I gives 12XA~+XB~+12XA~. Hence X1=XH~, which is clause 4.

2.1givenstep 1.1L4L5algebra

Primitive. Let αj(R) and αj(I) be the real and imaginary parts of αj, viewed as real C1 one-forms on the open star-shaped set Dj⊆R4d; both are closed because dαj=0. By [L4] there are C2 potentials ϕ1,ϕ2 with dϕ1=αj(R), dϕ2=αj(I); subtracting constants we may assume ϕ1(0)=ϕ2(0)=0. Set Hj:=ϕ1+iϕ2. Then dHj=αj, and ∂ZˉlHj=dHj(∂Zˉl)=αj(∂Zˉl)=0 because αj is a (1,0)-form; hence Hj is holomorphic by [L5]. At real points and for real tangent vectors w, αj(w) is real by the realness of the coefficients from step 1.1, so dϕ2 vanishes on real directions at real points; the real part of Dj is star-shaped and connected, so ϕ2≡0 there and Hj is real-valued on Dj∩R2d. The gradient bound follows from ∇Hj=(−v(j),u(j))=−JXj and ∥Xj∥≤2dmax⁡k∣(Xj)k∣≤2dβj, and ∣Hj(Z)∣=∣∫01αj(tZ)(Z) dt∣≤2dβj∣Z∣ by the radial form of the potential and the norm inequality.

3.1step 1.1step 1.2step 2.1step 1.3∎

Conclusion. Clause 1 is step 1.1, clause 2 is step 1.2, clause 3 is step 2.1 and clause 4 is step 1.3.

Remarks

  • The star-shapedness of U (and hence of Uρ and every D(r)) is used exactly here: it produces global holomorphic primitives Hj on the working domain. On a domain with nonvanishing first de Rham cohomology the closed form αj would only be locally exact, and this is the step the design records as requiring the star-shaped hypothesis.
  • The primitive Hj is unique up to an additive constant on the connected domain Dj; the normalization Hj(0)=0 fixes it. The modified Hamiltonian of Optimal finite truncation gives an exponential local splitting defect is built from these normalized primitives.

Depends on

Dependency tree · 2 levels

Sources