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The drift, kick and velocity-Verlet maps are canonical: and
Statement
Let , let , , , , , , , and be as in The splitting Hamiltonian , the drift and kick maps, and the velocity-Verlet map, with the standard two-form and the standard symplectic matrix (A phase domain, its canonical one-form and its standard symplectic two-form). Then, on the sets where the maps are defined:
- is with constant derivative and, when the whole segment for between and lies in , is the time- value of the local flow (The local flow of an autonomous first-order system) of the Hamiltonian field of the kinetic part; moreover
- is with derivative where is the Hessian matrix of , and, when the whole segment for between and lies in , is the time- value of the local flow of the Hamiltonian field of the potential part; moreover
- The admissible composition domain of is open, is there, and its derivative satisfies so that : the velocity-Verlet map preserves the standard two-form and, when its admissible composition domain is nonempty, is a local canonical transformation in the finite-regularity sense of Finite-regularity differential forms, Hamiltonian fields and canonical maps in phase charts. This matrix/form conclusion holds on the full algebraic composition domain; the separate flow interpretations in clauses 1-2 require the stated intermediate-segment containment.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The data of The splitting Hamiltonian , the drift and kick maps, and the velocity-Verlet map: the phase domain , the symmetric positive definite with its specified two-sided inverse, the potential , and the maps . Transposing the inverse identities and using gives .
Derivative calculus: the Jacobian matrix of a map records its partial derivatives, composition obeys , and a map is when its partial derivatives are continuous (The Jacobian matrix of partial derivatives and the gradient in the scalar-valued case, Directional derivatives and partial derivatives of a map , The chain rule for total derivatives: , The total (Fréchet) derivative as the linear first-order approximation with remainder, Euclidean maps and diffeomorphisms).
Symmetry of the blocks: as recalled in the data, and for the scalar field (The Hessian of a scalar field is symmetric, The Hessian matrix and critical points of a scalar field).
The matrix test: for maps between phase domains with the same , preservation of the standard two-form, , is equivalent to (A map between phase domains preserves the standard two-form iff , and a canonical diffeomorphism carries to , A phase domain, its canonical one-form and its standard symplectic two-form).
Local flows: for a locally Lipschitz field , the time- map of its local flow is characterised among solutions by and , with uniqueness of solutions through a given initial point (The local flow of an autonomous first-order system, Picard-Lindelöf local existence and uniqueness for first-order systems).
Proof
Clause 1, derivative and flow. The map is affine, hence , with constant Jacobian read off from the partial derivatives by [F1]. The curve has derivative at its own value, and at it equals ; if its full segment between and stays in , uniqueness in [F4] identifies its endpoint with the time- local flow value of . Writing , block multiplication using [F1] and the fact that the blocks , commute with each other gives the middle factor being .
Clause 2, derivative and flow. The first block row of is because leaves unchanged; the second block row is because has -gradient and -gradient by [F1]; makes of class (and the Hessian entries ), so the displayed formula for is . The curve has derivative at its own value and equals at , so, when its full segment up to stays in , [F4] identifies its endpoint with the time- local flow value of . With and , block multiplication using from [F2] gives the middle factor being .
Clause 3, composition. Since is , its gradient is , so each kick is and the drift is smooth. The admissible composition domain is an intersection of finitely many preimages of the open set under these continuous maps, hence open; their composition is on it. At each point there, the chain rule of [F1] gives with evaluated at , evaluated at , and evaluated at . Each factor satisfies by steps 1.1-1.2, so
Clause 3, form preservation. If the composition domain is empty, the pointwise matrix and form assertions are vacuous. Otherwise it is a phase domain, and the identity of step 2.1 is exactly the matrix condition of [F3] for the map , so on its admissible open domain. The explicit inverse factors are and ; reversing the palindrome gives as the inverse on the image wherever the compositions exist. Restriction to these open domains makes a diffeomorphism onto its open image, with inverse , preserving the form. Thus it is a local canonical transformation in Finite-regularity differential forms, Hamiltonian fields and canonical maps in phase charts, without assuming a smooth potential.
Remarks
- The three factors in step 2.1 satisfy the matrix identity at every point of their domains, so no connectedness or constancy argument is needed. The verification is exact algebra: the proposition asserts exact symplecticity of in exact arithmetic only, and says nothing about floating-point or rounded arithmetic.
- The identities also show directly that where defined; neither determinant sign nor phase-volume preservation is used on this page.
Depends on
The splitting Hamiltonian , the drift and kick maps, and the velocity-Verlet map
A phase domain, its canonical one-form and its standard symplectic two-form
A map between phase domains preserves the standard two-form iff , and a canonical diffeomorphism carries to
The local flow of an autonomous first-order system
Picard-Lindelöf local existence and uniqueness for first-order systems
The chain rule for total derivatives:
The total (Fréchet) derivative as the linear first-order approximation with remainder
The Jacobian matrix of partial derivatives and the gradient in the scalar-valued case
The Hessian matrix and critical points of a scalar field
The Hessian of a scalar field is symmetric
Rectangular matrix multiplication and the identity matrix , including zero-sized shapes
The transpose of a matrix
Euclidean maps and diffeomorphisms
Directional derivatives and partial derivatives of a map
Finite-regularity differential forms, Hamiltonian fields and canonical maps in phase charts
Dependency tree · 2 levels
Sources
- E. Hairer, Geometric Numerical Integration (TU Munchen 2010), Lecture 2 'Symplectic integrators', Theorem 2 and its proof: the Stormer-Verlet scheme is symplectic of order 2, being a composition of symplectic Euler maps, printed pages 1-3
- A. Quillen, PHY411 Lecture notes Part 7 'Integrators' (University of Rochester), Sections 2.3-2.5: kinetic (drift) and potential (kick) evolution operators and the area-preserving Verlet map, printed pages 18-24