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RN horizon and escape deductions for specified model

Physical scope

Conditional geometric and causal deductions on the specified smooth ingoing RN model with M>0 and real length flux parameters. It covers charged subextremal/extremal roots, the uncharged simple root, and the superextremal no-root branch. Escape means only the explicitly defined finite piecewise C1 causal-path observable on this product model; no conformal infinity, maximal-extension, formation, uniqueness, censorship, observation, or empirical-validity claim is made.

Statement

Let m∗>0, Qe∈R, and ΦB∈R be the SI mass, electric-charge, and magnetic-flux inputs of Dyonic RN as adopted Einstein–Maxwell model. Put M=GNm∗/c2>0, qe=GN/(4πε0c4)Qe, qm=4πGN/(μ0c4)ΦB/(4π), Q2=qe2+qm2, and f(r)=1−2M/r+Q2/r2. Use the selected ingoing product Min=Rv×(0,∞)r×S2 and its metric, field, and future orientation from Selected ingoing RN extension and time orientation.

For Q2>0 and M2≥Q2, let r±=M±M2−Q2. Each positive root is a regular null hypersurface and a Killing horizon generated by ξ=∂v, with the convention

κH:=f′(rH)2=rH−rother2rH2.

Thus κ+=0 at extremality and κ± has unit m−1; the associated SI acceleration convention is c2κ±. At a simple outer root, κ+>0, the selected ingoing extension has a local bifurcation chart with dimensionless coordinates U,V satisfying UV=−K(r) and an auxiliary coordinate length ℓ∗>0. At extremality the ingoing chart is regular but this simple-root chart is not asserted.

Use the exact path and relative-boundary convention of Causal solutions, Killing horizons, escape and metric extensions: the path is continuous, future causal, and piecewise C1 with a finite subdivision on each compact parameter segment; one such path must reach arbitrarily large r.

Define E on this product to be the set of points from which a future piecewise C1 causal path has unbounded radial coordinate. Conditional on the exact draft mathematical interface of Outer RN escape boundary in selected model, for Q2>0 and M2≥Q2,

E={(v,r,ω):r>r+},∂MinE={r=r+}.

For Q2=0, the only positive root is 2M, it is a regular simple crossing with κ=1/(4M), and the same explicit escape observable has boundary r=2M. For Q2>M2, there is no positive root and every point of Min belongs to E. These are statements about the selected metric and escape observable, not an event-horizon assertion requiring a conformal completion.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: M>0, the real length parameters qe,qm, the smooth ingoing RN datum, its selected future orientation, and the escape observable stated above.

[F1]

Selected ingoing RN extension and time orientation: Min=Rv×(0,∞)r×S2, g=−f dv2+2 dv dr+r2γ, F=−qer−2dv∧dr+qmω, and ℓ=−∂r, n=∂v+(f/2)∂r are future null with g(ℓ,n)=−1.

[F2]

Dyonic RN as adopted Einstein–Maxwell model: on every positive-radius static domain with f≠0, the SI-rescaled dyonic RN datum is a conditional solution of the zero-source, Λ=0 equation-based Einstein–Maxwell model.

[L1]

Regular RN crossings and local bifurcation extension: for Q2>0, M>0, and M2≥Q2, the charged RN ingoing block is regular at the roots; for a simple outer root, its current Statement gives a smooth local bifurcation chart with UV=−K(r) and fixed auxiliary length ℓ∗>0. Its current Step-1 record is authoring-ready, but its mathematical proof remains draft and is not independently accepted; its field-equation continuation is used only conditionally.

[L2]

Outer RN escape boundary in selected model: for Q2>0, M>0, and M2≥Q2, its exact current Statement gives E={r>r+} and ∂MinE={r=r+} for the observable in [L3]. Its current dependencies and proof were checked against [L3]; the theorem is draft content with authoring readiness, not independent proof acceptance.

[L3]

Causal solutions, Killing horizons, escape and metric extensions: with U=Min and radius map r, the selected escape set uses the path class stated in the Statement and its boundary is relative to U. The current item is placed on batch-6 page emg-cp01 and has a ready Step-1 authoring record; its proof remains draft and is not independent approval.

[F3]

Choice-free smooth inverse function theorem in Euclidean space: for n≥1, an open U⊆Rn, a smooth map H:U→Rn, and a∈U, if DH(a) is invertible, then H restricts to a diffeomorphism between open neighborhoods of a and H(a), with smooth inverse. In dimension one, DH(a) is multiplication by H′(a), so invertibility is equivalent to H′(a)≠0.

[F4]

Selected ingoing RN extension and time orientation: the selected time orientation is fixed by N=ℓ+n, with g(ℓ,n)=−1; the sphere tangent space is orthogonal to ℓ,n and has positive metric r2γ. Future timelike vectors lie in the timelike component containing N, and future causal vectors are nonzero vectors in its closure under the selected cone convention. By Timelike, null, spacelike and causal vectors of a Lorentz vector space, causality means Z≠0 and g(Z,Z)≤0; the zero vector belongs to the cone closure but is not causal.

[A1]

The physical model is the source-free equation-based RN specialization with Λ=0, j=0, and Tm=0, as in [F2]. The omitted set r=0 is not included as a source point.

[A2]

The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω): the geometric parameter and horizon suppliers carry only ACω, meaning every specified countable family of nonempty sets has a choice function. No new choice is made in this finite root, chart, or causal-path calculation, and no full AC is used.

Proof

1.1givenF1algebra

If Q2>0 and M2≥Q2, the quadratic numerator factors as r2f=(r−r+)(r−r−); both roots are positive because M>0 and M2−Q2<M. If Q2=0, then f=1−2M/r and its only positive root is 2M. If Q2>M2, then r2f=(r−M)2+(Q2−M2)>0 for every r>0, so there is no positive root.

2.1F1step 1.1algebra

The inverse of the v,r block in [F1] is (011f), so g−1(dr,dr)=f. The vector ξ=∂v is Killing because the metric coefficients do not depend on v, and ξ♭=−f dv+dr equals dr at a root. Therefore each root is null and ξ is its null normal. Since ξ2=−f, d(ξ2)=−f′(rH)dr=−2κHξ♭ there. For two distinct roots, differentiating f=(r−r+)(r−r−)/r2 gives f′(r±)=(r±−r∓)/r±2; at Q2=M2 this derivative is zero. For Q2=0, f′(2M)=1/(2M) and κ=1/(4M). The product definition [F1] keeps the metric nondegenerate at each root.

2.2L1F1F3step 1.1algebraconstruct

For Q2>0 and M2≥Q2, [L1] gives the claimed root crossing and, when M2>Q2, the local bifurcation chart. If Q2=M2, [L1] gives the regular ingoing crossing but explicitly does not assert that simple-root chart. For Q2=0, put rH=2M, κ=1/(4M), and write f=(r−rH)b(r) with b(r)=1/r and b(rH)=2κ>0. Then 1f−12κ(r−rH)=2κ−b(r)2κb(r)(r−rH)=−12κb(r)∫01b′(rH+s(r−rH)) ds, so this difference extends smoothly across rH. Integrate it to h with h(rH)=0, and define K(r)=(r−rH)ℓ∗−1e2κh(r). Then K′(rH)=ℓ∗−1>0 and differentiation gives fK′=2κK on both sides and at the root. By [F3], shrink the radial interval so K′>0 and K has a smooth local inverse ρ about zero. On the selected ingoing model define V=eκv,U=−K(r)e−κv. Thus UV=−K(r), with U<0 for r>rH and U>0 for r<rH, and the Jacobian is κK′(r)>0 across the root. The inverse is r=ρ(−UV) and v=κ−1log⁡V on V>0. Differentiating gives dv=dV/(κV) and dr=−(V dU+U dV)/K′(r). Substitution in the original ingoing block −f dv2+2 dv dr cancels its dV2 coefficient by fK′=2κK, leaving −1κK′(ρ(−UV))(dU⊗dV+dV⊗dU). This coefficient is smooth and nonzero, and the sphere term is ρ(−UV)2γ. Choose ε>0 so these formulas are defined with ρ(−UV)>0 on (−ε,ε)2. They give a smooth Lorentzian metric on the full rectangle times S2, agreeing with the selected ingoing metric on its entire V>0 half, including both r<rH and r>rH. Glue that half to its old coordinate preimage. Any overlap sequence tending to a new point on V=0 has v=κ−1log⁡V→−∞, so cannot approach a finite old point; the other rectangle edges are not new points. This gives a Hausdorff local extension. The field is zero in this uncharged case. The old Killing field becomes κ(V∂V−U∂U); it extends smoothly, preserves the displayed metric, is null and normal on either axis away from their intersection, and vanishes on the spacelike sphere U=V=0. Thus this is the required two-sided local bifurcation chart.

2.3L2L3step 1.1

For Q2>0 and M2≥Q2, apply [L2] using the exact observable [L3]. Its current Definition and manifest placement now exist and were checked against this use; the escape conclusion remains conditional on the current draft mathematical proof, with no maximal-extension or conformal-completion inference.

2.4F1step 1.1algebra

If Q2>M2, then f>0 by step 1.1 and the future null field n of [F1] satisfies dr/dv=f/2>0. For any starting r0>0, the function v(r)=v0+∫r0r2/f(s) ds is smooth and strictly increasing on [r0,∞); since f(r)→1, v(r)→+∞ and the corresponding integral curve reaches arbitrarily large r. Hence every point belongs to E.

2.5F1F4step 1.1algebra

If Q2=0, then f<0 below 2M, f=0 at 2M, and f>0 above. The product splitting in [F1] gives a unique decomposition of every tangent as Z=αℓ+βn+W with W tangent to the sphere. Since the sphere term is orthogonal to ℓ,n and positive, causality gives g(Z,Z)=−2αβ+g(W,W)≤0 and hence αβ≥0. The timelike condition is −2αβ+g(W,W)<0, so a timelike vector has αβ>0 and its coefficients have the same nonzero sign. Each of the two sign branches is connected: scale W to zero within the timelike cone and then vary the positive (respectively negative) coefficients while keeping them equal. Since N=ℓ+n has coefficients (1,1), the selected future timelike component is the positive branch. Every future causal vector lies in its closure, so α,β≥0. Therefore dr(Z)=−α+(f/2)β≤0 for r≤2M. On a collar of 2M, put τ=v−r; for nonzero future causal Z, dτ(Z)=α+(1−f/2)β≥α+β/2>0 after shrinking the collar so ∣f∣<1. Smoothness and f(2M)=0 give C<∞ with f(r)≤C∣r−2M∣ there, hence dr(Z)≤C∣r−2M∣dτ(Z). On each C1 path piece in the collar we may use τ as parameter. If r<2M, then w=2M−r obeys dw/dτ≥−Cw, so d(eCτw)/dτ≥0 and w(τ)≥w(τ0)e−C(τ−τ0)>0 for every finite τ; a path starting below the root cannot reach it. If a path starts at the root, u=(r−2M)+ obeys du/dτ≤Cu almost everywhere on the collar: for r>2M this is the displayed cone bound, for r<2M its derivative is zero, and on the root the cone bound gives dr/dτ≤0. Thus d(e−Cτu)/dτ≤0 and u(τ0)=0 forces u=0, so no outward excursion starts at the root. The same estimates apply across finitely many piece joins by continuity. Every point with r>2M escapes along the future null field n, because dr/dv=f/2>0 and f(r)→1. Thus the uncharged escape boundary is r=2M.

3.1A1A2F2step 1.1step 2.1step 2.2step 2.3step 2.4step 2.5∎

Steps 1.1-2.5 prove the stated geometric roots, signed surface-gravity convention, regular-crossing cases, and selected escape conclusions on the chosen product, conditional on the exact current draft mathematical interfaces [L1]-[L3] and on the equation-based physical-model input [F2]. Their authoring-ready records do not constitute independent proof acceptance. The inherited ACω premise [A2] is stated without invoking full choice; no event-horizon, maximal-extension, or empirical claim follows.

Depends on

Dependency tree · 2 levels

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