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Two-dimensional Ising Gibbs coexistence at low temperature
Statement
Assume Countable Choice. For the nearest-neighbor ferromagnetic Ising model on with coupling , zero field, and , there exist two distinct translation-stationary DLR states and such that for every site , One may take , where This is a sufficient low-temperature bound; the states are not asserted to be extremal and is not claimed to be critical.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A two-dimensional nearest-neighbor Ising model with , , , plus boundary conditions on finite squares, and Countable Choice.
Countable Choice is retained exactly for the probability extension and DLR existence steps (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()).
If the origin has spin under plus boundary, at least one simple disagreement cycle has the origin in its parity-inside (Square-lattice even graphs and parity contour separation).
For each such cycle , the event that all its crossed bonds disagree has Gibbs probability at most (Peierls contour probability bound).
Subsequential limits of finite-volume Gibbs laws are DLR, and translation averaging yields a stationary DLR law (Finite-range lattice DLR existence and closed convex state set, Translation-averaged stationary Gibbs state).
The exponential is defined by its positive power series, so for , (The real exponential function and the number by a power series).
For , (For , , and for the series diverges). Termwise differentiation inside its radius and the quotient rule give (Inside its radius a real power series may be differentiated term by term, and the differentiated series has the same radius, Sums, scalar multiples, products and quotients: , , , and when ).
The exponential satisfies , is positive, and is strictly increasing (The exponential addition formula , The exponential is positive and satisfies , The exponential function is strictly increasing).
The nearest-neighbor model is the finite-range interaction with onsite term on and pair terms on for . Its finite conditional kernels are proper and consistent by Conditional Gibbs kernel consistency.
Proof
Write and . A cycle with the origin in its parity-inside has an odd number of crossings of the positive horizontal ray. Along the full horizontal line, each crossing changes the sign of a dual vertex's -coordinate; after one closed traversal that sign returns to its starting value, so the total number of crossings is even. Therefore the negative ray also has a crossing. Dual vertices have half-integer coordinates, so positive-ray crossings occur on vertical dual edges at for integers . If such a cycle has length , its horizontal coordinate range includes a negative coordinate and this ; a closed lattice walk traverses that range in both directions, so it uses at least horizontal edges and . Thus there are at most possible positive-ray crossing edges. Choose the lower endpoint of each such edge; from it there are at most nonbacktracking walks of length , which overcounts the simple cycles using that crossing. Hence there are at most candidate simple cycles of length .
By [F2] and the union bound, , using [F5] for .
The first seven nonnegative terms of [F4] give . Since , monotonicity and reciprocal positivity in [F6] imply . Thus . The same translated contour count applies to every site in the box, so the plus-boundary magnetization there is at least .
The onsite and nearest-neighbor list in [F7] realizes the stated Hamiltonian, and its specification is proper and consistent. Take a subsequential limit of plus-boundary laws; by [F3] it is DLR and retains for each fixed site. The zero-field nearest-neighbor Hamiltonian is invariant under simultaneous spin reversal, so the spin-reversed law is also DLR and has one-site expectations at most . Translation averaging as in [F3] preserves each bound and yields stationary . They are distinct because their one-site expectations have opposite signs.
Depends on
Peierls contour probability bound
Finite-range lattice DLR existence and closed convex state set
Translation-averaged stationary Gibbs state
The Axiom of Countable Choice ()
The real exponential function and the number by a power series
Square-lattice even graphs and parity contour separation
Lattice Gibbs kernels and DLR states
Conditional Gibbs kernel consistency
Finite-range lattice interaction and conditional energy
For , , and for the series diverges
Inside its radius a real power series may be differentiated term by term, and the differentiated series has the same radius
Sums, scalar multiples, products and quotients: , , , and when
The exponential addition formula
The exponential is positive and satisfies
The exponential function is strictly increasing