The Total Derivative in
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1 · Prerequisites
Abstract Algebra
Linear Algebra
Real Analysis
- Absolute and Conditional Convergence; Rearrangement; Products
- Construction of the Real Numbers via Cauchy Sequences
- Construction of the Real Numbers via Dedekind Cuts
- Continuity, IVT, EVT, and Uniform Continuity
- Countability and Uncountability
- Foundations of the Real Numbers for Analysis
- Limits of Real Functions
- limsup, liminf, and Subsequential Limits
- Monotone Functions, Discontinuities, and Continuity Sets
- Monotone Sequences, Bolzano-Weierstrass, and Cauchy Completeness
- Properties of the Integral and the Working FTC
- Rⁿ as a Normed Space; Vector-Valued Functions
- Roots, Rational Powers, and Classical Inequalities
- Sequences and Limits
- Series: Convergence and the Nonnegative Tests
- Suprema and Infima
- The Derivative and the Mean Value Theorems
- The Riemann Integral: Definition and Integrability
- Topology of ℝ
Set Theory
2 · Logical flowchart
3 · Items
Definition
A linear map L:ℝᵐ→ℝⁿ in Euclidean coordinates
Lemma
Every Euclidean linear map has a unique matrix and satisfies ‖Lh‖₂≤ K‖h‖₂ for some K≥0
Definition
A convex subset of ℝᵐ contains every line segment between two of its points
Definition
Directional derivatives and partial derivatives of a map U⊆ℝᵐ→ℝⁿ
Definition
The total (Fréchet) derivative Df(a) as the linear first-order approximation with o(‖h‖₂) remainder
Lemma
The total derivative at a point is unique
Theorem
Total differentiability gives a local O(‖h‖₂) increment bound and therefore continuity
Definition
The Jacobian matrix of partial derivatives and the gradient in the scalar-valued case
Theorem
A total derivative computes every directional derivative, and its matrix is the Jacobian
Theorem
For a differentiable scalar field, Dᵥf(a)=⟨∇ f(a),v⟩ and the unit direction of steepest ascent is the normalized gradient
Theorem
Sums and scalar multiples of totally differentiable maps are totally differentiable with the expected derivatives
Theorem
The chain rule for total derivatives: D(g∘ f)(a)=Dg(f(a))∘ Df(a)
Lemma
Small coordinate-by-coordinate increments stay inside a Euclidean ball and telescope the total increment
Theorem
If all partial derivatives exist on a neighbourhood and are continuous at a point, then the map is totally differentiable there with Jacobian derivative
Theorem
On a convex open set, a uniform bound ‖Df(z)v‖₂≤ M‖v‖₂ implies ‖f(y)-f(x)‖₂≤ M‖y-x‖₂
Corollary
A totally differentiable map with zero derivative on a convex open set is constant
Remark